Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants in 2011.
Variables | Total (n = 5,006) | Non-probable RS (n = 3,556) | Probable RS (n = 1,450) | Statistic | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (year, %) | χ²=231.72 | < 0.001 | |||
60–69 | 3,343 (66.78) | 2,590 (72.83) | 753 (51.93) | ||
70–79 | 1,401 (27.99) | 850 (23.90) | 551 (38.00) | ||
≥80 | 262 (5.23) | 116 (3.26) | 146 (10.07) | ||
Sex (%) | χ²=24.71 | < 0.001 | |||
Men | 2,578 (51.50) | 1,911 (53.74) | 667 (46.00) | ||
Women | 2,428 (48.50) | 1,645 (46.26) | 783 (54.00) | ||
Marital status (%) | χ²=71.35 | < 0.001 | |||
Married/married but separated | 3,994 (79.78) | 2,946 (82.85) | 1,048 (72.28) | ||
Unmarried/divorced/widowed | 1,012 (20.22) | 610 (17.15) | 402 (27.72) | ||
Education level (%) | χ²=153.80 | < 0.001 | |||
No formal education | 1,795 (35.86) | 1,105 (31.07) | 690 (47.59) | ||
Primary school | 2,335 (46.64) | 1,718 (48.31) | 617 (42.55) | ||
Middle school | 589 (11.77) | 495 (13.92) | 94 (6.48) | ||
High school or above | 287 (5.73) | 238 (6.69) | 49 (3.38) | ||
Residential area (%) | χ²=91.34 | < 0.001 | |||
Rural | 1,803 (36.02) | 1,428 (40.16) | 375 (25.86) | ||
Urban | 3,203 (63.98) | 2,128 (59.84) | 1,075 (74.14) | ||
Smoking status (%) | χ²=0.71 | 0.400 | |||
No | 2,822 (56.37) | 2,018 (56.75) | 804 (55.45) | ||
Yes | 2,184 (43.63) | 1,538 (43.25) | 646 (44.55) | ||
Alcohol consumption (%) | χ²=5.43 | 0.020 | |||
No | 2,862 (57.17) | 1,996 (56.13) | 866 (59.72) | ||
Yes | 2,144 (42.83) | 1,560 (43.87) | 584 (40.28) | ||
Cardiovascular diseases (%) | χ²=163.31 | < 0.001 | |||
No | 2,812 (56.17) | 1,794 (50.45) | 1,018 (70.21) | ||
Yes | 2,194 (43.83) | 1,762 (49.55) | 432 (29.79) | ||
Diabetes (%) | χ²=55.68 | < 0.001 | |||
No | 4,629 (92.47) | 3,225 (90.69) | 1,404 (96.83) | ||
Yes | 377 (7.53) | 331 (9.31) | 46 (3.17) | ||
Cancer (%) | χ²=0.13 | 0.718 | |||
No | 4,968 (99.24) | 3,528 (99.21) | 1,440 (99.31) | ||
Yes | 38 (0.76) | 28 (0.79) | 10 (0.69) | ||
Chronic lung diseases (%) | χ²=36.02 | < 0.001 | |||
No | 4,210 (84.10) | 3,061 (86.08) | 1,149 (79.24) | ||
Yes | 796 (15.90) | 495 (13.92) | 301 (20.76) | ||
Kidney diseases (%) | χ²=2.53 | 0.112 | |||
No | 4,720 (94.29) | 3,341 (93.95) | 1,379 (95.10) | ||
Yes | 286 (5.71) | 215 (6.05) | 71 (4.90) | ||
Liver diseases (%) | χ²=0.58 | 0.448 | |||
No | 4,839 (96.66) | 3,433 (96.54) | 1,406 (96.97) | ||
Yes | 167 (3.34) | 123 (3.46) | 44 (3.03) | ||
Other chronic diseases (%) | χ²=0.11 | 0.743 | |||
No | 2,585 (51.64) | 1,831 (51.49) | 754 (52.00) | ||
Yes | 2,421 (48.36) | 1,725 (48.51) | 696 (48.00) | ||
Self-reported health (%) | χ²=35.92 | < 0.001 | |||
Very good | 225 (4.49) | 174 (4.89) | 51 (3.52) | ||
Good | 700 (13.98) | 514 (14.45) | 186 (12.83) | ||
Fair | 2,544 (50.82) | 1,862 (52.36) | 682 (47.03) | ||
Poor | 1,308 (26.13) | 861 (24.21) | 447 (30.83) | ||
Very poor | 229 (4.57) | 145 (4.08) | 84 (5.79) | ||
Low ASM (%) | χ²=3777.95 | < 0.001 | |||
No | 3,250 (64.92) | 3,250 (91.39) | 0 (0.00) | ||
Yes | 1,756 (35.08) | 306 (8.61) | 1,450 (100.00) | ||
PEFR (% predicted) (%) | χ²=578.21 | < 0.001 | |||
≥80% | 1,105 (22.07) | 1,105 (31.07) | 0 (0.00) | ||
<80% | 3,901 (77.93) | 2,451 (68.93) | 1,450 (100.00) | ||
Low handgrip strength (%) | χ²=133.87 | < 0.001 | |||
No | 4,138 (82.66) | 3,080 (86.61) | 1,058 (72.97) | ||
Yes | 868 (17.34) | 476 (13.39) | 392 (27.03) | ||
SPPB (%) | χ²=53.17 | < 0.001 | |||
>9 | 1,890 (37.75) | 1,456 (40.94) | 434 (29.93) | ||
≤9 | 3,116 (62.25) | 2,100 (59.06) | 1,016 (70.07) | ||
Sarcopenia (%) | χ²=2572.19 | < 0.001 | |||
No | 3,732 (74.55) | 3,360 (94.49) | 372 (25.66) | ||
Yes | 1,274 (25.45) | 196 (5.51) | 1,078 (74.34) | ||
9-years deaths (%) | χ²=96.08 | < 0.001 | |||
No | 3,830 (76.51) | 2,854 (80.26) | 976 (67.31) | ||
Yes | 1,176 (23.49) | 702 (19.74) | 474 (32.69) |
