Table 3 Cox regression model of low ASM mass, low PEFR, and probable RS for 2-year cause-specific mortality (N = 5,006).

Cause of death	No. of deaths	HR (95% CI)	P
Low ASM mass¹
All-cause mortality	188	1.17 (0.85–1.61)	0.347
All respiratory	32	1.34 (0.39–4.60)	0.642
All non-respiratory	156	1.00 (0.70–1.43)	0.996
All cancers (excluding lung cancer)	35	0.98 (0.46–2.07)	0.961
All cardiovascular diseases	64	1.00 (0.57–1.74)	0.991
Coronary heart disease	38	0.66 (0.31–1.41)	0.280
Stroke	26	1.58 (0.65–3.85)	0.318
Other medical causes	57	1.09 (0.61–1.94)	0.776
Low PEFR¹
All-cause mortality	188	1.25 (0.82–1.90)	0.304
All respiratory	32	2.48 (1.10–5.64)	0.029
All non-respiratory	156	1.23 (0.79–1.93)	0.363
All cancers (excluding lung cancer)	35	0.74 (0.33–1.64)	0.454
All cardiovascular diseases	64	1.90 (0.85–4.23)	0.116
Coronary heart disease	38	1.74 (0.60–5.04)	0.310
Stroke	26	1.97 (0.58–6.72)	0.279
Other medical causes	57	1.22 (0.57–2.64)	0.610
Probable RS²
All-cause mortality	188	1.21 (0.88–1.67)	0.246
All respiratory	32	3.16 (1.39–7.18)	0.006
All non-respiratory	156	0.99 (0.69–1.41)	0.956
All cancers (excluding lung cancer)	35	0.75 (0.34–1.65)	0.481
All cardiovascular diseases	64	1.05 (0.60–1.85)	0.860
Coronary heart disease	38	0.73 (0.33–1.59)	0.423
Stroke	26	1.63 (0.69–3.87)	0.268
Other medical causes	57	1.14 (0.64–2.02)	0.662

ASM, appendicular skeletal muscles; PEFR, peak expiratory flow rate; RS, respiratory sarcopenia; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence intervals.
Common covariates: including handgrip strength, short physical performance battery, age group, sex, marital status, education level, residential area, smoking status, alcohol consumption, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, cancer, chronic lung diseases, kidney diseases, liver diseases, other chronic diseases, self-reported health.
¹The independent variables include ASM mass, PEFR, and common covariates.
²The independent variables include probable RS, and common covariates.

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