Table 1 Baseline characteristics of individuals enrolled in the study.
Characteristics | DM without DKA (Non-DKA) n = 1,007 | DM with DKA n = 1,007 | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
T2D-to-DKA duration (month), n (%) | |||
0 | 0 (0.0) | 302 (30.0) | |
1–24 | 0 (0.0) | 184 (18.3) | |
> 24 | 0 (0.0) | 521 (51.7) | |
Age at the diagnosis of DM, mean (SD) | 52 (13.4) | 52 (13.4) | 1.000 |
Age at index date (year), mean (SD) | 56 (14.4) | 56 (14.4) | 0.996 |
18–45, n (%) | 259 (25.7) | 255 (25.3) | |
46–55, n (%) | 278 (27.6) | 282 (28.0) | |
56–65, n (%) | 204 (20.3) | 205 (20.4) | |
> 65, n (%) | 266 (26.4) | 265 (26.3) | |
Duration from the diagnosis of DM to index date (month), mean (SD) | 47.7 (52.3) | 47.7 (52.7) | 0.228 |
Gender, n (%) | 1.000 | ||
Female | 421 (41.8) | 421 (41.8) | |
Male | 586 (58.2) | 586 (58.2) | |
Urbanization, n (%) | 0.135 | ||
Very high | 247 (24.5) | 242 (24.0) | |
High | 493 (49.0) | 466 (46.3) | |
Moderate | 160 (15.9) | 200 (19.9) | |
Low | 107 (10.6) | 99 (9.8) | |
Income level (NTD), n (%) | < 0.001 | ||
< 15,840 | 219 (21.7) | 330 (32.8) | |
15,841–25,000 | 467 (46.4) | 438 (43.5) | |
> 25,000 | 321 (31.9) | 239 (23.7) | |
Comorbidities at baseline (before index date), n (%) | |||
HTN | 537 (53.3) | 514 (51.0) | 0.305 |
CAD | 271 (26.9) | 270 (26.8) | 0.960 |
CKD | 159 (15.8) | 206 (20.5) | 0.007 |
Dialysis | 34 (3.4) | 41 (4.1) | 0.410 |
COPD and/or smoking | 158 (15.7) | 225 (22.3) | < 0.001 |
Obesity | 20 (2.0) | 9 (0.9) | 0.040 |
Liver cirrhosis | 236 (23.4) | 243 (24.1) | 0.714 |
Autoimmune diseases: SLE, RA, SS, Dmtis, PM | 38 (3.8) | 23 (2.3) | 0.051 |
Glucose-lowering drugs within 3 months after DM diagnosis, n (%) | |||
Metformin | 634 (63.0) | 634 (63.0) | 1.000 |
Sulfonylureas | 703 (69.8) | 703 (69.8) | 1.000 |
Insulin | 90 (8.9) | 90 (8.9) | 1.000 |
DPP4-inhibitors | 36 (3.6) | 36 (3.6) | 1.000 |
Glinides | 16 (1.6) | 16 (1.6) | 1.000 |
α-glucosidase inhibitors | 16 (1.6) | 16 (1.6) | 1.000 |
Thiazolidinediones (Glitazone) | 9 (0.9) | 9 (0.9) | 1.000 |
Multiple oral antidiabetic therapies | 589 (58.5) | 629 (62.5) | 0.068 |
Metformin monotherapy use | 85 (8.4) | 72 (7.1) | 0.319 |
Other medication (≥ 90 days within 1 year before index date), n (%) | |||
Antiplatelets, anticoagulation | 216 (21.4) | 142 (14.1) | < 0.001 |
Statin | 199 (19.8) | 91 (9.0) | < 0.001 |
