Table 2 Hazard of DR and associated complication and procedures in comparison to patients without DKA.

From: Association of diabetic ketoacidosis and retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes: a nationwide cohort study

Outcomes

DM without DKA (Non-DKA) n = 1,007

DM with DKA n = 1,007

Crude model

Adjusted model*

n (%)

n (%)

SHR (95% CI)

 P-value

SHR (95% CI) 

 P-value

DR

130 (12.9)

182 (18.1)

1.71 (1.43–2.05)

< 0.001

1.64(1.34–2.01) 

 <0.001

PDR

73 (7.2)

94 (9.3)

1.35 (1.07–1.69)

0.010

 1.33 (1.04–1.71) 

0.026

NPDR

86 (8.5)

122 (12.1)

1.62 (1.31–2.01)

< 0.001

 1.51 (1.20–1.91) 

<0.001

DME

36 (3.6)

42 (4.2)

1.18 (0.85–1.63)

0.326

 1.27 (0.87–1.87) 

0.214

RD

17 (1.7)

20 (2.0)

1.25 (0.78–2.00)

0.350

 0.67 (0.26–1.74) 

0.414

PRP

80 (7.9)

112 (11.1)

1.52 (1.22–1.89)

< 0.001

 1.43 (1.11–1.86)

0.007

PPV

36 (3.6)

30 (3.0)

0.80 (0.56–1.14)

0.216

 0.64 (0.42–0.97) 

0.037

IVI

24 (2.4)

37 (3.7)

1.64 (1.11–2.41)

0.012

 1.74 (1.08–2.81) 

0.024

  1. * Adjusted for income level, CKD, COPD, obesity, use of antiplatelets/anticoagulation and use of statin. DM: diabetes mellitus. DKA: diabetic ketoacidosis. DR: diabetic retinopathy. PDR: proliferative diabetic retinopathy. NPDR: nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy. DME: diabetic macular edema. RD: retinal detachment. PRP: panretional photocoagulation. PPV: pars plana vitrectomy. IVI: intravitreal injection. SHR: subdistribution hazard ratio. CI: confidence interval.
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