Table 1 Remote sensing feature extraction from Landsat imagery during the vegetation growing season, including various vegetation indices, spectral bands from visible to shortwave infrared, and texture features derived using the gray-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) method. These features are critical for biomass estimation and vegetation analysis.

From: Estimation of woody vegetation biomass in Australia based on multi-source remote sensing data and stacking models

Vegetation index

Leaf area index, LAI

Ratio vegetation index, RVI

Difference vegetation index, DVI

Enhanced vegetation index, EVI

Soil adjusted vegetation index, SAVI

Normalized difference vegetation index, NDVI

Visible atmospherically resistant index, VARI

Green environment monitoring index, GNDVI

Atmospherically resistant vegetation index, ARVI

Band

Blue;green;red;near infrared

Shortwave infrared 1; shortwave infrared 2

Texture features

Contrast;entropy;sum entropy

Sum variance;difference variance

Angular second moment; correlation

Difference entropy;variance; sum average inverse difference moment;dissimilarity

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