Fig. 1

Correspondence analysis: association between variables is represented as distance in a two dimensional space, the closer two variables are, the stronger the positive association is. The figure illustrates the phenotypic clustering of SLE manifestations and their corresponding therapeutic associations, emphasizing the strong phenotype-driven rationale in treatment selection, particularly the alignment of renal phenotypes with MMF, CYC, and TAC, and musculoskeletal phenotypes with MTX and BEL. AZA Azathioprine, BEL Belimumab, CYC Cyclophosphamide, CYA Cyclosporine A, LEF Leflunomide, MMF Mycophenolate mofetil, MTX Methotrexate, RTX Rituximab, TAC Tacrolimus.