Table 3 Cytogenetic changes induced by NiCl₂, R. farinacea extract and NiCl₂ + R. farinacea extract.

Damages	Control	RF 1	RF 2	Ni	NiRF 1	NiRF 2
MI (%)	901 ± 19.5^a (9.01)	903 ± 19.3^a (9.03)	907 ± 22.5^a (9.07)	507 ± 19.9^d (5.07)	592 ± 21.1^c (5.92)	670 ± 15.6^b (6.70)
MN	0.40 ± 0.52^d	0.50 ± 0.53^d	0.20 ± 0.42^d	71.2 ± 4.08^a	60.9 ± 4.50^b	48.7 ± 4.24^c
SC	0.40 ± 0.52^d	0.30 ± 0.48^d	0.20 ± 0.42^d	64.0 ± 4.69^a	53.3 ± 3.62^b	40.5 ± 3.78^c
VC	0.40 ± 0.52^d	0.30 ± 0.48^d	0.50 ± 0.53^d	57.5 ± 3.14^a	49.1 ± 3.78^b	40.4 ± 3.20^c
FRG	0.00 ± 0.00^d	0.00 ± 0.00^d	0.00 ± 0.00^d	52.3 ± 4.03^a	41.5 ± 2.84^b	31.1 ± 2.96^c
UDC	0.30 ± 0.48^d	0.20 ± 0.42^d	0.00 ± 0.00^d	40.4 ± 3.41^a	31.5 ± 3.34^b	20.4 ± 3.27^c
B	0.00 ± 0.00^d	0.00 ± 0.00^d	0.00 ± 0.00^d	32.6 ± 2.91^a	21.5 ± 2.99^b	11.3 ± 3.37^c
VN	0.00 ± 0.00^d	0.00 ± 0.00^d	0.00 ± 0.00^d	23.0 ± 2.71^a	15.8 ± 2.74^b	10.3 ± 2.21^c
IM	0.00 ± 0.00^d	0.00 ± 0.00^d	0.00 ± 0.00^d	16.6 ± 2.91^a	11.4 ± 2.37^b	6.20 ± 1.55^c

Control: Tap water, RF 1: 0.5 g L⁻¹ R. farinacea extract, RF 2: 1.0 g L⁻¹ R. farinacea extract, Ni: 1 mg L⁻¹ NiCl₂, NiRF 1: 1 mg L⁻¹ NiCl₂ + 0.5 g L⁻¹ R. farinacea extract, NiRF 2: 1 mg L⁻¹ NiCl₂ + 1.0 g L⁻¹ R. farinacea extract. Different letters (^a-d) next to the means in the same line indicate that the means are statistically different from each other (p < 0.05). MI: mitotic index, MN: micronucleus, SC: sticky chromosome, VC: vagrant chromosome, FRG: fragment, UDC: unequal distribution of chromatin, B: bridge, VN: vacuolated nucleus, IM: irregular mitosis.

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