Table 5 Protective role of R. farinacea extract against meristematic tissue damage induced by NiCl2 exposure.

From: Ramalina farinacea mitigates cytogenotoxicity and physiological, biochemical, and anatomical alterations induced by nickel in Allium cepa

Meristematic damages

Control

RF 1

RF 2

Ni

NiRF 1

NiRF 2

Epidermal cell damage

–

–

–

***

**

*

Flattened nucleus

–

–

–

***

**

*

Binuclear cell

–

–

–

**

*

–

Cell with MN

–

–

–

**

**

–

Cortical cell damage

–

–

–

***

**

*

Thickened cortical cell wall

–

–

–

***

**

*

Substance accumulation in cortical cell

–

–

-

**

*

–

Thickened conduction tissue

–

–

–

**

*

*

  1. Undamaged (–), mild (*), moderate (**), or severe (***).
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