Table 2 Univariate and multivariable logistic regression.

From: How urban versus rural residency relates to basic activities of daily living among older people in Central China

Variables

Rural

Urban

OR

P

aOR

P

OR

P

aOR

P

Sociodemographic characteristics

Age, years

< 75

1.00 (ref.)

 

1.00 (ref.)

 

1.00 (ref.)

 

1.00 (ref.)

 

≥ 75

3.328 (3.080–3.597)

< 0.001***

3.096 (2.839–3.375)

< 0.001***

3.393 (2.915–3.949)

< 0.001***

2.975 (2.502–3.539)

< 0.001***

Gender

Male

1.00 (ref.)

 

1.00 (ref.)

 

1.00 (ref.)

 

1.00 (ref.)

 

Female

3.328 (3.080–3.597)

0.005**

1.670 (1.522–1.833)

< 0.001***

1.730 (1.492–2.005)

< 0.001***

1.637 (1.362–1.967)

< 0.001***

Ethnic

Han

1.00 (ref.)

 

1.00 (ref.)

 

1.00 (ref.)

 

1.00 (ref.)

 

Minority

0.634 (0.386–1.041)

0.069

0.934 (0.552–1.583)

0.801

1.750 (1.070–2.864)

0.024*

1.562 (0.860–2.836)

0.143

Educational level

Junior high school or above

1.00 (ref.)

 

1.00 (ref.)

 

1.00 (ref.)

 

1.00 (ref.)

 

Under junior high school

1.889 (1.720–2.073)

< 0.001***

1.473 (1.327–1.635)

< 0.001***

1.813 (1.561–2.106)

< 0.001***

1.450 (1.215–1.730)

< 0.001***

Cohabitation

Living with others

1.00 (ref.)

 

1.00 (ref.)

 

1.00 (ref.)

 

1.00 (ref.)

 

Living alone

2.092 (1.922–2.278)

< 0.001***

1.420 (1.288–1.567)

< 0.001***

2.003 (1.658–2.419)

< 0.001***

1.215 (0.967–1.525)

0.094

Impoverished households

No

1.00 (ref.)

 

1.00 (ref.)

 

1.00 (ref.)

 

1.00 (ref.)

 

Yes

1.502 (1.331–1.695)

< 0.001***

1.610 (1.404–1.845)

< 0.001***

1.624 (1.370–1.924)

< 0.001***

2.204 (1.792–2.710)

< 0.001***

Lifestyles

Daily exercise

Yes

1.00 (ref.)

 

1.00 (ref.)

 

1.00 (ref.)

 

1.00 (ref.)

 

No

1.528 (1.381–1.690)

< 0.001***

1.474 (1.320–1.646)

< 0.001***

4.597 (3.918–5.395)

< 0.001***

4.321 (3.610–5.171)

< 0.001***

Alcohol intake

No

1.00 (ref.)

 

1.00 (ref.)

 

1.00 (ref.)

 

1.00 (ref.)

 

Yes

1.512 (1.354–1.689)

< 0.001***

2.340 (2.054–2.666)

< 0.001***

1.391 (1.141–1.697)

< 0.001***

2.651 (2.062–3.406)

< 0.001***

Health condition

Hypertension

No

1.00 (ref.)

 

1.00 (ref.)

 

1.00 (ref.)

 

1.00 (ref.)

 

Yes

1.349 (1.250–1.455)

< 0.001***

1.170 (1.073–1.276)

< 0.001***

1.151 (0.104–1.334)

0.060

1.234 (1.035–1.471)

0.019*

Type 2 diabetes

        

No

1.00 (ref.)

 

1.00 (ref.)

 

1.00 (ref.)

 

1.00 (ref.)

 

Yes

1.268 (1.150–1.398)

< 0.001***

1.146 (1.025–1.281)

0.017*

0.993 (0.837–1.179)

0.937

0.993 (0.810–1.217)

0.943

Hyperlipidemia

No

1.00 (ref.)

 

1.00 (ref.)

 

1.00 (ref.)

 

1.00 (ref.)

 

Yes

1.804 (1.651–1.971)

< 0.001***

1.715 (1.548–1.900)

< 0.001***

1.711 (1.443–2.029)

< 0.001***

1.838 (1.487–2.272)

< 0.001***

Movement disorders

No

1.00 (ref.)

 

1.00 (ref.)

 

1.00 (ref.)

 

1.00 (ref.)

 

Yes

4.311 (3.879–4.792)

< 0.001***

4.410 (3.911–4.972)

< 0.001***

4.553 (3.462–5.988)

< 0.001***

3.655 (2.638–5.065)

< 0.001***

Hearing impairment

No

1.00 (ref.)

 

1.00 (ref.)

 

1.00 (ref.)

 

1.00 (ref.)

 

Yes

3.303 (2.990–3.650)

< 0.001***

2.526 (2.256–2.828)

< 0.001***

7.301(5.228–10.197)

< 0.001***

5.594 (3.775–8.290)

< 0.001***

Cerebrovascular diseases

No

1.00 (ref.)

 

1.00 (ref.)

 

1.00 (ref.)

 

1.00 (ref.)

 

Yes

3.578 (3.022–4.236)

< 0.001***

2.959 (2.432–3.600)

< 0.001***

2.069 (1.501–2.852)

< 0.001***

2.097 (1.409–3.122)

< 0.001***

Heart diseases

No

1.00 (ref.)

 

1.00 (ref.)

 

1.00 (ref.)

 

1.00 (ref.)

 

Yes

1.358 (1.164–1.586)

< 0.001***

1.161 (0.975–1.381)

0.093

1.274 (0.927–1.751)

0.134

1.062 (0.725–1.556)

0.758

Vascular diseases

No

1.00 (ref.)

 

1.00 (ref.)

 

1.00 (ref.)

 

1.00 (ref.)

 

Yes

3.705 (3.257–4.216)

< 0.001***

2.778 (2.389–3.230)

< 0.001***

5.314 (4.089–6.907)

< 0.001***

4.006 (2.919–5.499)

< 0.001***

Ocular diseases

No

1.00 (ref.)

 

1.00 (ref.)

 

1.00 (ref.)

 

1.00 (ref.)

 

Yes

3.758 (3.411–4.139)

< 0.001***

3.271 (2.931–3.651)

< 0.001***

3.739 (3.062–4.565)

< 0.001***

2.986 (2.345–3.803)

< 0.001***

  1. OR: Odds ratio. aOR: adjusted odds ratio. Adjusted for age, gender, ethic, educational level, impoverished households, daily exercise, smoking, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, hyperlipidemia, movement disorders, hearing impairment, cerebrovascular diseases, heart diseases, vascular diseases, and ocular diseases. The dependent variable was BADL.
  2. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.
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