Fig. 4

Effect of BHMC and curcumin on intracellular ROS levels in HepG2 cells after 18- and 24-hours treatment. Intracellular ROS levels were quantified using the DCFDA cellular ROS detection assay according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Data are expressed as mean ± S.E.M. from three independent experiments. Statistical significance was assessed using one-way ANOVA, followed by Dunnett’s post hoc test for multiple comparisons with the untreated control group. Significant differences at 18 and 24 h of incubation are indicated as *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01.