Table 4 Factors associated with quitting smoking among adults 45 years and above: Logistic regression model adjusted for interaction effects of the independent variables.
From: Smoking cessation among middle-aged and older adults in India
Independent variables | AOR (95% CI) | p-value |
|---|---|---|
Age Group | ||
45–60 years (ref) | ||
61 years and above | 2.00 (1.38–2.89) | < 0.001 |
Sex of the respondent | ||
Female (ref) | ||
Male | 0.74 (0.59–0.92) | 0.006 |
Place of residence | ||
Urban (ref) | ||
Rural | 0.76 (0.63–0.92) | 0.004 |
Highest Education | ||
Never attended schooling (ref) | ||
Up to primary education | 1.21 (1.00–1.47) | 0.053 |
Middle and secondary schooling | 1.33 (1.08–1.64) | 0.007 |
Higher secondary and above | 2.31 (1.73–3.09) | < 0.001 |
Caste | ||
Scheduled caste (ref) | ||
Scheduled tribe | 1.13 (0.85–1.52) | 0.400 |
Other backward class | 1.31 (1.08–1.59) | 0.006 |
Others | 0.88 (0.72–1.09) | 0.246 |
Wealth Index | ||
Poorest (ref) | ||
Poor | 1.00 (0.80–1.25) | 0.994 |
Middle | 0.88 (0.70–1.10) | 0.266 |
Rich | 0.91 (0.72–1.14) | 0.393 |
Richest | 0.89 (0.70–1.14) | 0.362 |
Alcohol consumption at least once a month | ||
Do not consume (ref) | ||
Consumes alcohol | 0.52 (0.41–0.66) | < 0.001 |
Consumes smokeless tobacco | ||
No (ref) | ||
Yes | 1.97 (1.63–2.38) | < 0.001 |
Involvement in Yoga, meditation, asana, pranayamas | ||
No (ref) | ||
Yes | 1.31 (1.07–1.61) | 0.010 |
Diagnosis with hypertension or diabetes | ||
No (ref) | ||
Yes | 2.14 (1.21–3.78) | 0.009 |
Diagnosis with cancer/ lung disease/ heart disease/ stroke | ||
No (ref) | ||
Yes | 2.43 (0.92–6.36) | 0.072 |
Physician consultation in preceding 12 months | ||
No (ref) | ||
Yes | 1.86 (1.32–2.62) | 0.072 |
Health Status | ||
Good (ref) | ||
Fair | 1.13 (0.79–1.63) | 0.493 |
Poor | 1.02 (0.56–1.82) | 0.960 |
Interaction effects | ||
Interaction 1 | ||
Age 45–60 years, physician consultation-no (ref) | ||
Age 61 years and above,* physician consultation-yes | 0.50 (0.28–0.88) | 0.016 |
Interaction 2 | ||
Age 45–60 years, good-health status (ref) | ||
Age 61 years and above,* fair-health status | 0.76 (0.45–1.30) | 0.322 |
Age 61 years and above,*poor-health status | 1.79 (0.84–3.77) | 0.134 |
Interaction 3 | ||
Age 45–60 years, diagnosis with hypertension/diabetes-no (ref) | ||
Age 61 years and above, diagnosis with hypertension/diabetes-yes | 0.77 (0.34–1.75) | 0.538 |
Interaction 4 | ||
Age 45–60 years, diagnosis with cancer/lung disease/heart disease/stroke -no (ref) | ||
Age 61 years and above, diagnosis with cancer/lung disease/heart disease/stroke-yes | 0.29 (0.07–1.24) | 0.096 |
Interaction 5 | ||
Age 45–60 years, physician consultation-no, good-health status (ref) | ||
Age 61 years and above,* physician consultation-yes,* fair health status | 1.41 (0.79–2.55) | 0.248 |
Age 61 years and above,* physician consultation-yes,* poor health status | 1.09 (0.56–2.12) | 0.808 |
Interaction 6 | ||
Age 45–60 years, physician consultation-no, good-health status, diagnosis with hypertension/diabetes-no (ref) | ||
Age 61 years and above,* physician consultation-yes,* fair health status* diagnosis with hypertension/diabetes-yes | 0.86 (0.41–1.80) | 0.698 |
Age 61 years and above,* physician consultation-yes,* poor health status* diagnosis with hypertension/diabetes-yes | 0.63 (0.29–1.35) | 0.231 |
Interaction 7 | ||
Age 45–60 years, physician consultation-no, good-health status, diagnosis with hypertension/diabetes/cancer/lung disease/heart disease/stroke-no (ref) | ||
Age 61 years and above,* physician consultation-yes,* fair health status* diagnosis with hypertension/diabetes/cancer/lung disease/heart disease/stroke-yes | 4.06 (1.03–15.97) | 0.045 |
Age 61 years and above,* physician consultation-yes,* poor health status* diagnosis with hypertension/diabetes/cancer/lung disease/heart disease/stroke-yes | 3.30 (0.97–11.25) | 0.096 |
