Fig. 3

Predictive performance of the nomogram across three cohorts: ROC curves: A (training), B (internal validation), C (external validation); Calibration plots: D (training), E (internal validation), F (external validation); DCA curves: G (training), H (internal validation), I (external validation). Given the cohort’s ~ 5% DILI prevalence, net-benefit curves chiefly reflect low threshold probabilities.