Table 2 Protection, simulation, and optimization parameters used in the test systems.
Category | Parameter | Value |
|---|---|---|
Metaheuristic Algorithm Parameters | Total number of relays | 3-bus: 6; 8-bus: 14; 15-bus: 42 |
Fault scenarios (line regions) | 3-bus: 3 (5–6, 2–1, 4–3) | |
8-bus: 7 (13–6,..., 4–11) | ||
15-bus: 21 (1–2,..., 41–42) | ||
Simulation horizon | 0.02 s | |
Fault application time | 0.01 s | |
TMS bounds | [0.05, 1.5] | |
PS/\(I_{\text {pickup}}\) (optimized) | Optimized, \(\Delta I_p\) [A] | |
CTI | 0.01 s | |
Relay curve type | IEC/IEEE Standard Inverse | |
Curve constants | \(A = 0.14\), \(B = 0.02\) | |
Relay time limits | 0.01–3 s | |
Population size | 20 (applies to all algorithms) | |
Max. iterations | 100 (applies to all algorithms) | |
Algorithms and Parameters | AVOA parameters | \(p = 0.8\), \(P_{1} = 0.6\), \(P_{2} = 0.4\), \(p_{3} = 0.4\), Levy \(\beta = 1.5\), step size \(= 0.01\) |
ARO parameters | Shape factor \(A_{0} = 4\) in \(A = 4(1 - t/N_{\max })\log (1/r)\) | |
NOA parameters | \(\sigma _{1} = 0.5\), \(\gamma = 0.5\), \(\lambda = 0.2\), \(P_{\textrm{rp}} = 0.6\), \(p_{a1}(i), p_{a2}(i) \in [0,1]\) | |
TSO parameters | Galaxy-phase samples \(SN_{1} = 5\); planet/neighbour samples \(SN_{2} = 3\) | |
ZOA parameters | Step-size coefficient \(R = 0.01\) |
