Table 8 Comparison of algorithms in the IEEE 15-bus system and percentage improvement of the proposed metaheuristics.

From: Performance evaluation of advanced metaheuristic algorithms for directional overcurrent relay coordination in distribution networks

Method

Objective Function (s)

ARO (%)

AVOA (%)

TSO (%)

ZOA (%)

NOA (%)

MTLBO72

25.815

73.00

74.78

76.72

77.15

79.66

DJAYA73

18.840

63.00

65.45

68.10

68.68

72.13

EFO73

17.906

61.07

63.64

66.44

67.05

70.68

BSA74

16.293

57.22

60.04

63.11

63.79

67.78

ER-WCA73

15.910

56.19

59.08

62.23

62.92

67.00

OJAYA71

15.523

55.10

58.06

61.28

61.99

66.18

MINLP63

15.335

54.55

57.55

60.81

61.53

65.76

GWO73

15.277

54.38

57.39

60.66

61.38

65.63

WOA24

14.429

51.70

54.89

58.35

59.11

63.62

MFO44

14.245

51.07

54.30

57.81

58.58

63.15

QIAWOA24

13.198

47.19

50.68

54.46

55.30

60.22

ARO

6.970

0.00

6.60

13.77

15.35

24.68

AVOA

6.510

−7.07

0.00

7.68

9.37

19.35

TSO

6.010

−15.97

−8.32

0.00

1.83

12.65

ZOA

5.900

−18.14

−10.34

−1.86

0.00

11.02

NOA

5.250

−32.76

−24.00

−14.48

−12.38

0.00

  1. Note: Columns follow the same order as the last five rows (ARO, AVOA, TSO, ZOA, NOA). Each entry in row i and column j is computed as \((F_i - F_j)/F_i \times 100\). The diagonal is 0.00. Upper-triangular entries (to the right of the diagonal) are positive when the column algorithm achieves a lower objective value (improvement) than the row algorithm; lower-triangular entries are the corresponding negatives.
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