Table 2 Energy intensity/specific energy by region and sector.

USA

Industry

GDP-Based:\(\sim\)9.64 quads/trillion dollars (\(\approx\)2.82\(\times\)10\(\vphantom{0}^6\) kWh per million dollars)²¹ (see Supplementary Information, Appendix I);

Specific Ratio:\(\sim\)2,000–5,000 kWh per ton of output;

Subsector Details:

Heavy Industry: Textile Mills: 3.5 quads/trillion dollars (\(\approx\)1.03\(\times\)10\(\vphantom{0}^6\) kWh per million dollars)²²,

Food Manufacturing: 2.7 quads/trillion dollars (\(\approx\)0.79\(\times\)10\(\vphantom{0}^6\) kWh per million dollars)²²,

Paper Manufacturing: 4.8 quads/trillion dollars (\(\approx\)1.41\(\times\)10\(\vphantom{0}^6\) kWh per million dollars)²²;

Light Industry: Printing and Related Support Activities: 1.8 quads/trillion dollars (\(\approx\)527.4\(\times\)10\(\vphantom{0}^9\) kWh per trillion dollars)²²,

Apparel Manufacturing: 1.6 quads/trillion dollars (\(\approx\)468.8\(\times\)10\(\vphantom{0}^9\) kWh per trillion dollars)²²,

Textile Product Mills: 2.2 quads/trillion dollars (\(\approx\)644.6\(\times\)10\(\vphantom{0}^9\) kWh per trillion dollars)²²,

Leather and Allied Products: 1.4 quads/trillion dollars (\(\approx\)410.2\(\times\)10\(\vphantom{0}^9\) kWh per trillion dollars)²²;

Area-Based: Leather and Allied Products: 386 kWh/m^222,23, Apparel Manufacturing: 448 kWh/m^222,23, Textile Product Mills: 573 kWh/m^222,23,

Printing and Related Support Activities: 601 kWh/m^222,23, Textile Mills: 1,580 kWh/m^222,23,

Food Manufacturing: 3,388 kWh/m^222,23, Paper Manufacturing: 10,913 kWh/m^222,23.

Healthcare

GDP-Based:\(\sim\)0.416 quads/trillion dollars (\(\approx\)1.22\(\times\)10\(\vphantom{0}^5\) kWh per million dollars)^24,25;

Area-Based: 738 kWh/m² (Large Hospitals, 2007); 609 kWh/m² (Inpatient Healthcare, 2018);

Specific Ratio:\(\sim\)85,455 kWh per hospital bed/year^24,25,26.

Tertiary

GDP-Based:\(\sim\)0.348 quads/trillion dollars (\(\approx\)102,000 kWh per million dollars)^24,27,28;

Area-Based: 100–250 kWh/m² (Offices, Retail, Education).

Europe

Industry

GDP-Based (EU27):\(\sim\)2.14 quads/trillion dollars (\(\approx\)2.30\(\times\)10\(\vphantom{0}^6\) kWh per million dollars)²⁹;

Specific Ratio:\(\sim\)1,700–4,600 kWh per ton of output;

Subsector Details: Heavy Industry: Chemical and Petrochemical: 7.0 quads/trillion dollars (\(\approx\)2.05\(\times\)10\(\vphantom{0}^6\) kWh per million dollars)³⁰, Iron and Steel: 9.6 quads/trillion dollars (\(\approx\)2.81\(\times\)10\(\vphantom{0}^6\) kWh per million dollars)³⁰, Non-Metallic Minerals: 8.3 quads/trillion dollars (\(\approx\)2.43\(\times\)10\(\vphantom{0}^6\) kWh per million dollars)³⁰;

Light Industry: Food, Beverages and Tobacco: 5.4 quads/trillion dollars (\(\approx\)1.58\(\times\)10\(\vphantom{0}^6\) kWh per million dollars)³⁰, Textile and Leather: 6.4 quads/trillion dollars (\(\approx\)1.88\(\times\)10\(\vphantom{0}^6\) kWh per million dollars)³⁰,

Wood and Wood Products: 6.1 quads/trillion dollars (\(\approx\)1.79\(\times\)10\(\vphantom{0}^6\) kWh per million dollars)³⁰, Machinery and Transport Equipment: 5.9 quads/trillion dollars (\(\approx\)1.73\(\times\)10\(\vphantom{0}^6\) kWh per million dollars)³⁰.

Healthcare

GDP-Based: 0.12 quad/trillion dollars (\(\approx\)35,000 kWh per million dollars)³¹;

Area-Based: 320 kWh/m² (11% of the tertiary sector)³²;

Specific Ratio:\(\approx\)34 MWh/bed/yr³¹.

Tertiary

GDP-Based: 0.07 toe per thousand Euro (\(\approx\)23,000 kWh per million dollars)³⁰;

Area-Based: 268.3 kWh/m² per year³³ (average final EUI for non-residential buildings, including offices, retail, hotels, healthcare, and education);

Sector Share (2020): 13.7% of total final energy consumption³⁰;

Electricity Consumption: 4,781 kWh/employee in 2020³⁰;

Natural Gas: 28.4% of tertiary final energy consumption³⁰.