Fig. 3

FESEM images illustrating the surface morphology of (a) CdS nanoparticles (500 nm), (b) g-C3N4 nanosheets (500 nm), (c) Al-Fu-MOF (500 nm), (d) MOF@C3N4 binary nanocomposite (200 nm), and (e) CdS@MOF@C3N4 ternary nanocomposite (500 nm). (f) Elemental mapping images showing the homogeneous spatial distribution of C, O, N, Cd, S, and Al elements, and (g) the corresponding EDS spectrum confirming the coexistence of these elements in the CdS@MOF@C3N4 heterostructure.