Table 4 Optimal sizing and placement of capacitor banks and PVRES: energy losses, minimum bus voltage (pu), and reduction rates for scenario 2 across various distribution networks.
Optimal sizing and placement of capacitor banks (CB) and photovoltaic (PV) | Lowest bus voltage (pu) | Energy loss (kWh) | Energy loss reduction (%) | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
– | 9 CB and 3 PVRES for IEEE 33 | 18 CB and 5 PVRES for IEEE 69 | 25 CB and 10 PVRES for ZB-ALG-Hassi Sida 157 | IEEE 33 | IEEE 69 | ZB-ALG-Hassi Sida 157 | IEEE 33 | IEEE 69 | ZB-ALG-Hassi Sida 157 | IEEE 33 | IEEE 69 | ZB-ALG-Hassi Sida 157 | ||
Base case | – | 0.90 | 0.90 | 0.89 | 3567.7 | 3797 | 17,995 | – | ||||||
Scenario 1 | – | 0.89 | 0.89 | 0.87 | 3831.3 | 4085.7 | 19,367 | – | ||||||
Techniques | WOA | PV buses | 17-31-32 | 21-26-61 63-64 | 102-107-109-129-132-133-141-142-143-153 | 0.937 | 0.923 | 0.915 | 2058.4 | 2163.2 | 8182.3 | 46.27 | 47.05 | 57.75 |
CB buses | 13 -16 -17-18-31-32-33 | 20-23-25 27-57-59 62-63-64 65 | 19-22-25-28-29-30-32-72-78-87-94-101-107-112-118-124-129-134-137-142-144-147-150-153-156 | |||||||||||
CB Size | 150-100-50-150-150-150 150 | 150-150-100-150-100-50 150-150-100-100 | 150-150-150-150-100-150 150-150-150-150-150-150 100-150-100-150-150-150 150-150-150-150-150-150-150 | |||||||||||
PSO | PV buses | 13-17-31 | 12-19-21 60-64 | 21-29-75-83-92-111-118-125-134-146 | 0.935 | 0.927 | 0.912 | 2093.6 | 2061.2 | 8853.8 | 45.35 | 50.44 | 54.28 | |
CB buses | 13-14-15 17-31-32 33 | 19-21-25 26-59-60 61-62-64 65 | 19-22-25-28-30-32-72-78-87-94-101-107-112-118-124-129-134-137-144-147-153-156 | |||||||||||
CB Size | 100-150-100-100-100-150 100 | 50-150-50 100-150-50 150-100-150-150 | 150-150-100-50-100-150-50-150-150-100-50-150-150-150-150-150-150-150-50-150-100-100 | |||||||||||
GWO | PV buses | 13-17-32 | 17-23-58 63-64 | 77-102-106-111-128 130-132-134-141-152 | 0.933 | 0.928 | 0.912 | 1959.6 | 1970.5 | 8988.4 | 48.85 | 51.77 | 53.58 | |
CB buses | 13-16-18 31-32-33 | 19-22-26 27-58-59 61-62-63 64-65 | 19-22-25-29-30-32-72-78-87-94-101-107-112-118-124-129-134-137-142-150-153 | |||||||||||
CB Size | 150-100-100-150-150-150 | 50-150-50 100-150-100-100-150-50 150-150 | 50-150-150-50-50-100-100-150-50-50-150-150-150-50-150-150-150-150-50-100-150 | |||||||||||
EM-BT | PV buses | 13-16-32 | 60-61-62 63-64 | 24-29-89-92-111-112-115 122-125-141 | 0.934 | 0.929 | 0.915 | 1951.5 | 1764.7 | 8141.4 | 49.06 | 56.80 | 57.96 | |
CB buses | 13-14-16 31-32-33 | 19-20-22-23-24-25-58-59-60-61-62-63 64-65 | 19-22-25-29-30-32-72-78-87-94-101-107-112-118-124-129-134-137-142-144-147-150-153-156 | |||||||||||
CB Size | 150-150-100 150-150-150 | 50-150-50-100-100-100-100-150-150-150-150-150-150-150 | 150-150-150-150-150-150 150-150-150-100-150-150 150-150-150-150-150-150 150-150-50-100-150-150 | |||||||||||
