Table 3 Summary of antimalarial drug resistance and the associated genes in laboratory P. falciparum strains. Adapted and modified from a previous study53.

From: Gossypol is a natural product with good antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum clinical isolates

Antimalaria Drug (s)

Resistant Strain

Resistance-Associated Gene (s)

SD

3D7

dhps

CQ, QN, PM and SD

Dd2

Pfcrt, Pfmdr copy number variation

CQ, SD, MFQ and PM

W2mef

Pfcrt, dhps, Pfmdr copy number variation

MFQ

NF54

Pfmdr copy number variation

CQ, PM, QN and CG

7G8

Pfcrt, dhfr,

CQ

GB4

Pfcrt

  1. CQ, chloroquine; CG, cycloguanil; SD, sulfadoxine; PM, pyrimethamine; MFQ, mefloquine; QN, quinine; Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter, PfCRT; Plasmodium multidrug resistance, PfMDR; dihydropteroate synthase, DHPS; dihydrofolate reductase, DHFR.