Fig. 4

Astrocyte activation and increased glutamate levels induced by SNI in spinal cord tissue. (a) Representative spinal cord tissue samples underwent immunofluorescent staining, with GFAP labeling reactive astrocytes shown in green and DAPI labeling cell nuclei shown in blue. Scale bar = 20 μm. (b) Comparative analysis of GFAP-positive areas between the two groups of mice. (c) Comparison of glutamate levels in spinal cord tissue between the two groups of mice. Data were expressed as mean ± SD and analyzed using two-tailed unpaired t-test.