Fig. 5 | Scientific Reports

Fig. 5

From: Non-lethal sonodynamic therapy mitigates hypertensive renal fibrosis through the PI3K/AKT/mTORC1-autophagy pathway

Fig. 5

NL-SDT activates autophagy via the ROS-PI3K-AKT-mTORC1 signaling pathway in vitro.

(A, E) Electron micrograph showing the ultrastructural changes in autophagic vesicles (Red Arrow: Autophagosome Yellow Arrow: Myeloid Body). Scale bar: 2 μm. (B, F) Representative immunofluorescence images. Scale bar: 25 μm. (C, D) Western blot analysis of LC3B in different groups. (G-H) Levels of proteins associated with PI3K-AKT–mTORC1–autophagy signaling in NL-SDT-treated cells ± NAC, as detected by western blotting. n = 3 ~ 6, the differences among three or more groups were analyzed via ANOVA followed by the Tukey’s multiple comparison test. **P < 0.01, ****P < 0.0001.

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