Table 12 The performance of neural network-based forecasting models with data clustering and dimensionality reduction.
Model | Clustering (k-means) | Dimensionality reduction | Nclusters | Summer | Winter | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MAPE | RMSE | MAPE | RMSE | ||||
ANN | X | – | – | 3.55 ± 1.88 | 219.75 ± 87.64 | 4.24 ± 0.15 | 454.39 ± 15.52 |
O | k-PCA | 2 | 2.77 ± 0.15 | 185.32 ± 9.6 | 4.2 ± 0.13 | 435.35 ± 24.23 | |
3 | 2.72 ± 0.52 | 179.89 ± 31.04 | 4.21 ± 0.21 | 429.56 ± 13.27 | |||
4 | 2.63 ± 0.12 | 175.03 ± 5.8 | 4.0 ± 0.18 | 404.81 ± 16.09 | |||
t-SNE | 2 | 2.66 ± 0.06 | 183.07 ± 5.03 | 4.15 ± 0.16 | 431.98 ± 20.26 | ||
3 | 2.75 ± 0.11 | 185.27 ± 6.11 | 4.32 ± 0.17 | 459.1 ± 17.94 | |||
4 | 2.66 ± 0.27 | 176.49 ± 12.49 | 4.36 ± 0.17 | 504.22 ± 27.01 | |||
UMAP | 2 | 2.68 ± 0.09 | 183.49 ± 5.83 | 4.32 ± 0.2 | 450.24 ± 11.8 | ||
3 | 2.83 ± 0.14 | 191.73 ± 5.3 | 4.24 ± 0.11 | 472.6 ± 21.56 | |||
4 | 2.71 ± 0.44 | 179.99 ± 21.49 | 4.33 ± 0.14 | 496.4 ± 23.36 | |||
CNN | X | – | – | 2.66 ± 0.1 | 177.37 ± 6.25 | 4.02 ± 0.13 | 405.79 ± 8.42 |
O | k-PCA | 2 | 2.64 ± 0.14 | 179.78 ± 7.69 | 3.93 ± 0.11 | 400.67 ± 6.03 | |
3 | 2.43 ± 0.09 | 170.9 ± 4.61 | 3.82 ± 0.14 | 387.39 ± 8.0 | |||
4 | 2.48 ± 0.07 | 178.26 ± 2.55 | 3.94 ± 0.18 | 391.66 ± 8.79 | |||
t-SNE | 2 | 2.52 ± 0.09 | 174.37 ± 5.22 | 3.88 ± 0.11 | 399.15 ± 7.6 | ||
3 | 2.42 ± 0.08 | 173.75 ± 2.94 | 4.1 ± 0.16 | 412.4 ± 12.98 | |||
4 | 2.54 ± 0.04 | 183.02 ± 2.53 | 4.42 ± 0.21 | 429.68 ± 16.45 | |||
UMAP | 2 | 2.49 ± 0.06 | 172.87 ± 4.36 | 3.94 ± 0.17 | 401.91 ± 10.7 | ||
3 | 2.47 ± 0.08 | 175.69 ± 3.59 | 4.17 ± 0.15 | 417.4 ± 17.46 | |||
4 | 2.47 ± 0.06 | 178.47 ± 5.1 | 4.51 ± 0.18 | 437.37 ± 15.1 | |||
LSTM | X | – | – | 2.03 ± 0.06 | 138.59 ± 3.75 | 3.28 ± 0.14 | 339.77 ± 30.86 |
O | k-PCA | 2 | 2.01 ± 0.06 | 140.95 ± 3.14 | 3.36 ± 0.13 | 371.45 ± 34.15 | |
3 | 2.06 ± 0.06 | 148.0 ± 3.41 | 3.44 ± 0.16 | 401.61 ± 46.89 | |||
4 | 2.01 ± 0.07 | 141.16 ± 4.17 | 3.19 ± 0.08 | 319.26 ± 12.89 | |||
t-SNE | 2 | 2.02 ± 0.04 | 143.99 ± 2.38 | 3.32 ± 0.17 | 369.18 ± 33.69 | ||
3 | 2.04 ± 0.04 | 149.89 ± 3.37 | 3.41 ± 0.15 | 378.65 ± 37.77 | |||
4 | 2.09 ± 0.13 | 153.65 ± 7.48 | 3.46 ± 0.08 | 373.63 ± 25.59 | |||
UMAP | 2 | 2.03 ± 0.05 | 143.02 ± 2.63 | 3.37 ± 0.17 | 367.43 ± 41.12 | ||
3 | 2.06 ± 0.04 | 153.78 ± 4.45 | 3.37 ± 0.08 | 368.08 ± 14.77 | |||
4 | 2.13 ± 0.08 | 159.93 ± 6.95 | 3.26 ± 0.07 | 338.28 ± 17.06 |