Table 6 Performance comparison among all models.

From: Deep learning model based prediction of vehicle CO2 emissions with eXplainable AI integration for sustainable environment

Model

MSE

RMSE

R-squared

MAPE

BiLSTM

0.0004

0.0199

0.9878

3.24%

LSTM

0.0003

0.0195

0.9883

3.30%

Decision tree regressor

0.0005

0.0234

0.9827

5.69%

K neighbour regressor

0.0006

0.0256

0.9794

5.18%

SVR

0.0026

0.0514

0.9172

11.46%

XGB regressor

0.0007

0.0280

0.9753

5.07%

Adaboost regressor

0.0015

0.0394

0.9513

8.10%

Catboost Regressor

0.0025

0.0503

0.9207

10.89%

Ensemble (decision tree, knn, xgb)

0.0003

0.0187

0.9889

3.19%

Proposed (CarbonMLP)

0.0002

0.0142

0.9938

2.59%