Table 7 Models accuracy with respect to performance indicators.

From: Advanced and hybrid machine learning techniques for predicting compressive strength in palm oil fuel ash-modified concrete with SHAP analysis

Model

R2

NRMSE

MAE (MPa)

d

LSSVM

0.845

0.217

9.05

0.954

Bagging

0.952

0.121

4.85

0.987

LGBM

0.955

0.117

4.22

0.988

XGB

0.962

0.112

3.88

0.989

Hybrid XGB-LGBM

0.976

0.080

3.11

0.994

ANN (BPNN)

0.968

0.099

3.82

0.992

GEP

0.499

0.464

11.1

0.828

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