Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants in the NHANES 2005–2008 and 2015–2020 (n = 12,655).

Age, years, mean (95% CI)

48.08 (47.47, 48.68)

45.13 (44.19, 46.06)

49.63 (48.57, 50.70)

49.87 (48.80, 50.93)

48.06 (47.31, 48.81)

< 0.0001

PIR, mean (95% CI)

3.05 (2.98, 3.11)

3.18 (3.09, 3.27)

3.13 (3.03, 3.22)

3.01 (2.92, 3.10)

2.85 (2.74, 2.96)

< 0.0001

BMI, mean (95% CI)

29.19 (28.96, 29.41)

22.30 (22.20, 22.40)

26.76 (26.65, 26.87)

30.43 (30.29, 30.58)

38.29 (37.97, 38.61)

< 0.0001

PLF, mean (95% CI)

4.88 (4.77, 4.99)

2.07 (2.01, 2.13)

3.53 (3.41, 3.66)

5.24 (5.08, 5.41)

9.11 (8.85, 9.37)

< 0.0001

HSI, mean (95% CI)

38.42 (38.16, 38.69)

30.28 (30.13, 30.43)

35.56 (35.38, 35.73)

40.01 (39.82, 40.20)

49.06 (48.71, 49.42)

< 0.0001

OBS, mean (95% CI)

17.90 (17.50, 18.30)

19.65 (19.09, 20.21)

17.73 (17.19, 18.26)

17.02 (16.54, 17.50)

16.96 (16.46, 17.45)

< 0.0001

SII, mean (95% CI)

536.47 (526.25, 546.69)

525.43 (505.21, 545.65)

512.22 (497.06, 527.37)

532.42 (517.38, 547.46)

577.85 (563.82, 591.89)

< 0.0001

Sex, n (%)

< 0.0001

 Female

6395 (50.57)

1853 (62.35)

1477 (46.61)

1445 (43.07)

1620 (48.67)

 Male

6260 (49.43)

1312 (37.65)

1685 (53.39)

1719 (56.93)

1544 (51.33)

Race/ethnicity, n (%)

< 0.0001

 Non-Hispanic White

4967 (66.39)

1341 (69.51)

1213 (66.48)

1207 (64.42)

1206 (64.70)

 Other race—including multi-racial

1636 (8.45)

587 (10.76)

448 (8.45)

339 (7.80)

262 (6.48)

 Non-Hispanic Black

2831 (10.80)

692 (9.85)

683 (10.89)

685 (10.44)

771 (12.14)

 Mexican American

1962 (8.52)

305 (5.25)

507 (8.49)

565 (10.17)

585 (10.62)

 Other Hispanic

1259 (5.84)

240 (4.62)

311 (5.69)

368 (7.17)

340 (6.07)

Educational level, n (%)

< 0.0001

 < High school

1290 (5.28)

204 (3.38)

357 (5.77)

391 (6.38)

338 (5.85)

 Completed high school

4676 (34.61)

1135 (30.83)

1116 (33.94)

1194 (35.84)

1231 (38.36)

 > High school

6681 (60.08)

1825 (65.78)

1684 (60.25)

1577 (57.68)

1595 (55.79)

Marital status, n (%)

< 0.1

 Married/Living with partner

5394 (50.41)

1269 (48.34)

1368 (49.86)

1446 (52.82)

1311 (50.91)

 Widowed/Divorced/Separated/Never married

7254 (49.55)

1894 (51.63)

1792 (50.13)

1717 (47.09)

1851 (49.07)

Alcohol consumption, n (%)

< 0.0001

 Former

1229 (8.77)

221 (6.00)

302 (8.65)

356 (9.87)

350 (10.95)

 Heavy

2203 (18.82)

550 (19.79)

532 (18.07)

516 (18.72)

605 (18.57)

 Mild

4001 (35.21)

1030 (34.60)

1047 (35.54)

981 (35.76)

943 (35.02)

 Moderate

1804 (16.09)

524 (20.05)

418 (15.62)

427 (14.10)

435 (14.01)

 Never

1403 (8.87)

372 (9.49)

355 (9.02)

362 (8.72)

314 (8.18)

Smoking status, n (%)

< 0.0001

 Never smoking

6898 (53.53)

1784 (55.91)

1742 (53.35)

1757 (53.16)

1615 (51.35)

 Former smoker

3195 (26.59)

641 (22.46)

780 (25.47)

842 (28.54)

932 (30.50)

 Current smoker

2549 (19.83)

737 (21.59)

635 (21.12)

563 (18.23)

614 (18.11)

Physical activity, n (%)

< 0.0001

 Inactive

5771 (37.67)

1233 (30.03)

1375 (34.80)

1515 (41.09)

1648 (45.90)

 Moderate

2600 (22.43)

638 (21.35)

660 (23.29)

639 (21.52)

663 (23.70)

 Both moderate and vigorous

1653 (15.64)

570 (22.08)

443 (17.05)

373 (13.95)

267 (8.52)

 Vigorous

743 (6.37)

224 (7.60)

191 (6.29)

174 (6.61)

154 (4.81)

Metabolic syndrome, n (%)

< 0.0001

 No

7830 (65.08)

3054 (97.25)

2456 (80.64)

1555 (53.03)

765 (24.58)

 Yes

4825 (34.92)

111 (2.75)

706 (19.36)

1609 (46.97)

2399 (75.42)

Diabetes

< 0.0001

 No

9810 (83.49)

2929 (95.18)

2656 (89.57)

2343 (81.39)

1882 (66.02)

 Yes

2845 (16.51)

236 (4.82)

506 (10.43)

821 (18.61)

1282 (33.98)

Hypertension

< 0.0001

 No

7054 (61.66)

2255 (77.10)

1822 (63.62)

1668 (58.42)

1309 (45.28)

 Yes

5601 (38.34)

910 (22.90)

1340 (36.38)

1496 (41.58)

1855 (54.72)

OSA, n (%)

< 0.0001

 No

8679 (68.96)

2586 (82.80)

2287 (72.22)

2125 (66.33)

1681 (52.47)

 Yes

3976 (31.04)

579 (17.20)

875 (27.78)

1039 (33.67)

1483 (47.53)