Table 1 Computational complexity comparison.

From: Optimal energy management for multi-energy microgrids using hybrid solutions to address renewable energy source uncertainty

Solution techniques

Time in seconds

Hierarchical multi-agent deep reinforcement learning (HMADRL)

56.98

Neighbour enhanced graph convolutional networks (NEGCN) and the piranha foraging optimization algorithm (PFOA)

43.09

Deep reinforcement learning (DRL)

21.09

Proposed

19.79

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