Fig. 4

Overview of specific biomarkers in patients with Crohn’s disease. (a) Network analysis illustrating the relationships between significantly altered serum metabolites and clinical factors. Selected serum biomarkers and clinical factors were determined using the Boruta feature selection algorithm, demonstrating good discriminatory power (AUC > 0.7, p-value < 0.05). (b) Bar plots representing the levels of confirmed serum biomarkers associated with each clinical factor.