Fig. 2

Establishment of the IRGPI. (A) Venn diagram of differentially expressed genes and immune-related genes. The intersection of 2,882 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 2,501 immune-related genes (IRGs) resulted in 181 overlapping genes, which were used for further analysis. (B) LASSO Cox results demonstrating genes closely associated with prognosis: LASSO Cox regression identified six key immune-related genes—COLEC12, CTSE, KLRD1, MMP12, NDRG1, and RELB—that were significantly associated with patient prognosis. (C) Risk factor association plot for the IRGPI. The risk factor association plot demonstrates the relationship between the IRGPI score and the expression levels of the six genes, indicating that higher IRGPI scores are linked to worse prognosis. RELB, NDRG1, MMP12, CTSE, and COLEC12 were more highly expressed in high-risk patients, whereas KLRD1 was expressed at lower levels in those with better prognoses. (D) Multivariate Cox regression analysis demonstrating that the IRGPI was an independent prognostic factor. Multivariate Cox regression analysis confirmed that the IRGPI is an independent risk factor influencing patient prognosis, with a significant impact on survival outcomes. (E) Survival curve analysis of the six genes. Kaplan–Meier survival curves for COLEC12, CTSE, KLRD1, MMP12, NDRG1, and RELB demonstrated their significant associations with poor prognosis, where high expression of KLRD1 was correlated with better outcomes.