Table 10 Optimization results for pressure vessel design problems.

From: A black-winged kite optimization algorithm enhanced by osprey optimization and vertical and horizontal crossover improvement

Algorithm

\({T}_{s}({x}_{1})\)

\({T}_{h}({x}_{2})\)

R(\({x}_{3}\))

L(\({x}_{4}\))

Result

WOA

1.1251

0.5076

49.7372

100.4441

7382.9426

HHO

1.1405

0.5554

57.9750

45.4366

6872.3033

GWO

1.1224

0.5550

58.1403

44.6336

6780.0796

OOA

8.0048

11.7142

56.5120

53.8409

164,444.3135

SO

1.1360

0.5615

58.8584

40.6022

6821.2336

BKA

1.2209

0.6036

63.2603

18.7373

7155.1961

DKCBKA

0.8586

0.4244

44.4884

149.1131

6037.6135

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