Table 1 Basic characteristics of the participants.

From: Association between serum vitamin D level and cardiovascular disease in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a cross-sectional study

Characteristics

Vitamin D status

P-value

Deficiency (< 12 ng/mL)

n = 262

Insufficiency (12–20 ng/mL)

n = 639

Sufficient(≥ 20 ng/mL)

n = 477

SEX, n (%)

< 0.001

 Male

153 (58.40%)

447 (69.95%)

346 (72.54%)

 

 Female

109 (41.60%)

192 (30.05%)

131 (27.46%)

 

Age, years

51.00 (40.00–59.00)

51.00 (43.00–57.50)

53.00 (45.00–59.00)

0.003

BMI, kg/m2

26.00 (23.64–28.70)

25.69 (23.44–28.00)

25.00 (23.00–27.51)

0.004

SBP, mmHg

135.00 (126.75–146.25)

131.50 (124.00–142.75)

132.00 (122.00–142.00)

< 0.001

DBP, mmHg

84.00 (78.00–92.00)

82.50 (77.00–88.00)

83.00 (75.00–89.00)

0.009

Smoking status, n (%)

0.376

 Never smoking

189 (72.14%)

441 (69.01%)

340 (71.28%)

 

 Current smoker

63 (24.05%)

171 (26.76%)

109 (22.85%)

 

 Previous smoker

10 (3.82%)

27 (4.23%)

28 (5.87%)

 

Alcohol intake, n (%)

0.015

 Never drinking

196 (74.81%)

414 (64.79%)

312 (65.41%)

 

 Current drinker

53 (20.23%)

201 (31.46%)

144 (30.19%)

 

 Previous drinker

13 (4.96%)

24 (3.76%)

21 (4.40%)

 

History of diabetes

 New onset

0.248

  No

203 (77.48%)

502 (78.56%)

391 (81.97%)

 

  Yes

59 (22.52%)

137 (21.44%)

86 (18.03%)

 

 Duration of T2DM (years)

5.00 (1.00–10.00)

5.00 (1.00–11.00)

6.00 (2.00–12.00)

0.136

 Hypoglycemic therapy

0.101

  No

141 (53.82%)

301 (47.10%)

219 (45.91%)

 

  Yes

121 (46.18%)

338 (52.90%)

258 (54.09%)

 

Complication

 Fatty liver

0.658

  No

81 (30.92%)

216 (33.80%)

162 (33.96%)

 

  Yes

181 (69.08%)

423 (66.20%)

315 (66.04%)

 

 Nephropathy

0.916

  No

185 (70.61%)

447 (69.95%)

330 (69.18%)

 

  Yes

77 (29.39%)

192 (30.05%)

147 (30.82%)

 

 Thyroid nodule

0.791

  No

131 (50.00%)

319 (49.92%)

229 (48.01%)

 

  Yes

131 (50.00%)

320 (50.08%)

248 (51.99%)

 

 Peripheral neuropathy

0.678

  No

148 (56.49%)

341 (53.36%)

256 (53.67%)

 

  Yes

114 (43.51%)

298 (46.64%)

221 (46.33%)

 

 Vasculopathy

0.447

  No

106 (40.46%)

235 (36.78%)

171 (35.85%)

 

  Yes

156 (59.54%)

404 (63.22%)

306 (64.15%)

 

 Osteoporosis

0.147

  Normal

129 (50.39%)

291 (47.63%)

194 (41.54%)

 

  Osteopenia

101 (39.45%)

251 (41.08%)

220 (47.11%)

 

  Osteoporosis

26 (10.16%)

69 (11.29%)

53 (11.35%)

 

 Carotid atherosclerotic plaque

0.775

  No

138 (54.55%)

332 (53.55%)

241 (51.94%)

 

  Yes

115 (45.45%)

288 (46.45%)

223 (48.06%)

 

 Cardiac function

0.668

  Normal

92 (36.22%)

247 (39.46%)

180 (38.30%)

 

  Abnormal

162 (63.78%)

379 (60.54%)

290 (61.70%)

 

Laboratory index

 TC, mmol/L

4.48 (3.75–5.09)

4.34 (3.70–5.18)

4.29 (3.53–4.99)

0.767

 TG, mmol/L

1.71 (1.10–3.00)

1.74 (1.15–2.73)

1.48 (1.05–2.32)

< 0.001

 HDL-C, mmol/L

0.97 (0.80–1.23)

1.01 (0.84–1.21)

1.07 (0.90–1.27)

< 0.001

 LDL-C, mmol/L

2.58 (1.88–3.27)

2.54 (1.91–3.14)

2.46 (1.89–3.17)

0.181

 FBG, mmol/L

8.01 (6.41–10.71)

7.84 (6.31–10.30)

7.50 (5.99–9.69)

0.015

 HbA1c, %

9.30 (7.70–10.71)

8.48 (7.40–10.15)

8.40 (7.00–9.90)

< 0.001

 HOMA-IR

1.85 (0.72–3.30)

1.92 (0.92–3.52)

1.69 (0.90–3.26)

0.395

 Insulin0, mU/L

4.41 (2.36–9.73)

5.60 (2.73–10.01)

5.44 (2.77–9.63)

0.336

 Insulin120, mU/L

13.03 (6.49–26.27)

16.79 (8.36–31.80)

13.25 (5.71–23.75)

0.018

 C peptide0, pmol/L

1.87 (1.12–2.79)

1.68 (1.07–2.50)

1.71 (1.13–2.36)

0.392

 C peptide120, pmol/L

3.88 (2.77–5.88)

4.17 (2.87–6.21)

4.26 (2.91–5.62)

0.709

 CRP, mg/L

1.13 (0.61–3.00)

1.13 (0.54–2.94)

1.08 (0.50–2.25)

0.060

 TT3, pmol/L

4.73 (4.23–5.23)

4.75 (4.32–5.20)

4.77 (4.37–5.21)

0.374

 FT4, pmol/L

11.48 (10.21–12.54)

11.40 (10.34–12.57)

11.19 (10.03–12.43)

0.486

 TSH, mIU/L

2.09 (1.35–3.11)

1.91 (1.30–2.83)

1.87 (1.31–2.88)

0.675

 PTH, pg/mL

37.16 (28.82–49.03)

33.97 (26.58–42.07)

29.27 (22.87–36.95)

< 0.001

 BUN, mmol/L

5.40 (4.34–6.45)

5.30 (4.50–6.21)

5.62 (4.69–6.70)

0.001

 Cr, µmol/L

60.00 (51.00–71.00)

64.00 (54.00–73.00)

67.00 (56.00–76.00)

0.005

 UA, µmol/L

280.00 (225.00–350.00)

291.00 (244.00–349.00)

293.00 (240.50–348.00)

0.697

 ALT, U/L

19.00 (13.00–31.00)

20.00 (14.00–28.50)

20.00 (15.00–28.00)

0.200

 AST, U/L

17.00 (14.00–22.00)

18.00 (14.00–23.00)

19.00 (15.00–24.00)

0.018

 GGT, U/L

25.00 (16.75–40.00)

24.00 (16.00–38.00)

23.00 (15.00–37.50)

0.879

 ALP, U/L

73.00 (61.00–85.00)

70.00 (58.00–84.00)

70.00 (59.00–84.00)

0.455

 TP, g/L

65.80 (62.40–70.20)

68.00 (64.30–72.20)

69.20 (65.77–72.82)

< 0.001

 ALB, g/L

41.80 (39.70–44.80)

43.60 (41.10–46.20)

44.10 (42.00–46.90)

0.009

 TBIL, µmol/L

8.12 (5.98–11.31)

9.92 (7.30–12.94)

10.11 (7.50–13.86)

0.043

 DBIL, µmol/L

3.54 (2.66–4.71)

4.07 (3.08–5.30)

4.30 (3.20–5.61)

< 0.001

  1. Data are presented as the Mean (SD) or Median (IQR: Q1–Q3) for continuous variables and percentage for categorical variables. *The One-way ANOVA or Kruskal Wallis rank sum test or χ2 test were used for comparisons between subgroups.
  2. BMI body mass index, SBP systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure, T2DM type 2 diabetes mellitus, TC total cholesterol, TG triglyceride, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, FBG fasting blood glucose, HbA1c glycosylated hemoglobin c, HOMA-IR homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, CRP C-reactive protein, TT3 total triiodothyronine, FT4 free thyroxine, TSH thyroid stimulating hormone, PTH parathyroid hormone, BUN blood urea nitrogen, Cr creatinine, UA uric acid, ALT alanine aminotransferase, AST aspartate aminotransferase, GGT gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, ALP alkaline phosphatase, TP total protein, ALB albumin, TBIL total bilirubin, DBIL direct bilirubin.
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