Fig. 5

Evaluation of the predictive model: (A) Calibration curve for the training cohort. The closer the “Apparent” curve and the “Bias-corrected” curve are to the “Ideal” curve, the better the predictive performance of the model. (B) Calibration curve for the validation cohort. (C) Clinical decision curve for the training cohort. The “Nomo” (red curve) represents clinical decisions made based on the predictive model. The “All” (gray line) reflects the scenario where all patients receive intervention, while the “None” (black line) represents the scenario where no patients receive intervention. The area where the red curve lies above both the “None” line and the “All” line indicates that the strategy using the predictive model provides greater net benefit compared to either intervening in all patients or withholding intervention altogether. (D) Clinical decision curve for the validation cohort. (E) Boxplot of group distributions based on Nomoscore in the training cohort. (F) Boxplot of group distributions based on Nomoscore in the validation cohort.