Table 1 Multivariable multilevel mixed effect logistic regression analysis of covariates associated with vitamin A and iron-rich foods consumption among children aged 6–23 months in Bangladesh, BDHS 2022 (n = 2,528).
Individual and community-level characteristics | Received vitamin A-rich food | Received iron-rich food |
|---|---|---|
Model III | Model III | |
aOR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | |
Respondents age in years | ||
15–19 years | Ref. | Ref. |
20–34 years | 1.0 (0.7–1.4) | 1.1 (0.8–1.4) |
35–49 years | 1.1 (0.6–1.7) | 0.9 (0.6–1.5) |
Maternal occupational status | ||
Not working | Ref. | Ref. |
Working | 1.6 (1.2–2.0) ** | 1.4 (1.1–1.7) ** |
Maternal educational status | ||
No education | Ref. | Ref. |
Primary education | 1.4 (0.9–2.2) | 1.4 (0.9–2.1) |
Secondary education | 1.7 (1.04–2.6) * | 1.6 (1.0–2.4) |
Higher education | 2.0 (1.1–3.5) * | 1.7 (1.01–2.9) * |
Husband’s educational status | ||
No education | Ref. | Ref. |
Primary education | 1.4 (1.01–1.9) * | 1.4 (1.1–1.9) * |
Secondary education | 1.2 (0.9–1.7) | 1.4 (1.01–1.9) * |
Higher education | 1.7 (1.1–2.6) * | 2.0 (1.4–3.0) *** |
Household family size | ||
Small (up to 3) | Ref. | Ref. |
Medium (4–6) | 1.1 (0.7–1.5) | 1.0 (0.7–1.4) |
Large (7 or more) | 0.9 (0.6–1.3) | 0.8 (0.6–1.2) |
Household wealth index | ||
Poorest | Ref. | Ref. |
Poorer | 1.0 (0.8–1.4) | 1.1 (0.8–1.4) |
Middle | 1.1 (0.8–1.5) | 1.1 (0.8–1.5) |
Richer | 1.2 (0.8–1.7) | 1.4 (1.02–2.0) * |
Richest | 1.5 (0.97–2.3) | 1.3 (0.9–1.9) |
Media exposure at least once a week | ||
No | Ref. | Ref. |
Yes | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) | 1.1 (0.9–1.3) |
Antenatal visit during pregnancy | ||
No ANC | Ref. | Ref. |
1–3 visits | 1.3 (0.9–2.0) | 1.3 (0.9–1.9) |
4–7 visits | 1.7 (1.1–2.6) * | 1.7 (1.2–2.5) ** |
8 or more | 1.4 (0.8–2.6) | 1.9 (1.1–3.4) * |
Place of delivery | ||
No institution | Ref. | Ref. |
Institution | 1.1 (0.9–1.4) | 1.0 (0.8–1.2) |
Baby post- natal-check within two months | ||
No | Ref | Ref. |
Yes | 0.9 (0.8–1.2) | 1.0 (0.8–1.2) |
Child age in months | ||
6–11 months | Ref. | Ref. |
12–17 months | 2.5 (1.9–3.2) *** | 2.4 (1.9–3.0) *** |
18–23 months | 4.0 (3.0–5.3) *** | 3.9 (3.0–5.0) *** |
Child sex | ||
Male | Ref. | Ref. |
Female | 1.0 (0.8–1.2) | 0.9 (0.8–1.1) |
Birth order | ||
1 | Ref. | Ref. |
2–3 | 0.9 (0.7–1.2) | 0.9 (0.7–1.2) |
≥4 | 1.1 (0.7–1.7) | 1.2 (0.8–1.8) |
Had diarrhea in last two weeks | ||
No | Ref. | Ref. |
Yes | 0.7 (0.5–1.03) | 0.7 (0.5–0.9) * |
Had cough in last two weeks | ||
No | Ref. | Ref. |
Yes | 0.9 (0.7–1.2) | 1.1 (0.9–1.3) |
Had short, rapid breaths | ||
No | Ref. | Ref. |
Yes | 0.8 (0.6–1.2) | 0.9 (0.6–1.2) |
Drugs taken for intestinal parasites in last 6 months | ||
No | Ref. | Ref. |
Yes | 1.6 (1.2–2.2) ** | 1.5 (1.2–2.0) ** |
Place of residence | ||
Urban | Ref. | Ref. |
Rural | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) | 1.0 (0.8–1.2) |
Division | ||
Barishal | Ref. | Ref. |
Chittagong | 0.6 (0.4–0.98) * | 0.9 (0.6–1.3) |
Dhaka | 0.8 (0.5–1.2) | 1.1 (0.8–1.6) |
Khulna | 1.5 (0.9–2.4) | 2.3 (1.5–3.5) *** |
Mymensingh | 0.9 (0.5–1.3) | 1.2 (0.8–1.8) |
Rajshahi | 1.1 (0.6–1.7) | 1.9 (1.2–2.9) ** |
Rangpur | 1.2 (0.7–1.9) | 1.4 (1.0–2.1) |
Sylhet | 0.6 (0.4–0.9) * | 0.7 (0.5–1.0) |
Measure of variation | ||
Variance (SE) | 0.251(0.112) | 0.104 (0.086) |
ICC (%) | 7.1 | 3.1 |
PCV (%) | 29.5 | 58.9 |
MOR | 1.6 | 1.4 |
Log-likelihood | −1306.1 | −1463.6 |
Model fit statistics | ||
AIC | 2692.2 | 3007.2 |
