Table 7 Comparisons of biometric parameters between baseline, rest, and simulation stages among participants in the mannequin-first group.

From: Analysis of stress responses in medical students during simulated pericardiocentesis training using virtual reality and 3D-printed mannequin

 

Basal

Mean ± SD

Mannequin

Mean ± SD

Rest

Mean ± SD

VR

Mean ± SD

χ2 (3)

p

rMSSD

239.74 ± 98.55

270.81 ± 97.02

230.22 ± 99.02

267.76 ± 88.96

16.31

0.001

LF/HF

0.73 ± 0.46

0.89 ± 0.61

0.65 ± 0.3

0.84 ± 0.49

11.13

0.011

SD1/SD2

0.87 ± 0.17

0.83 ± 0.08

0.90 ± 0.16

0.87 ± 0.09

13.40

0.04

Poincaré

Plot (x 103)

113.26 ± 71.41

158.95 ± 103.12

104.52 ± 78.31

143.6 ± 0.67

22.33

0.001

  1. rMSSD, root mean square of successive differences; VR, virtual reality; SD, standard deviation; LF/HF, low frequency/high frequency ratio.
  2. The results illustrate how exposure order modulates physiological stress markers across conditions.
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