Table 1 Demographics of participants (N = 55).

From: Effects of childhood maltreatment on mothers’ empathy and parenting styles in intergenerational transmission

 

Maltreatment group (N = 13)a

Non-maltreatment group (N = 42)b

X2

p-value

Age, Mean (SD)

40.4(7.5)

41.6(4.7)

  

Number of children, Mean (SD)

2.8(1.5)

2.4(0.6)

  

Type of abuse

 Physical abuse, n (%)

11(84.6)

N/A

  

 Emotional abuse, n (%)

11(84.6)

N/A

  

 Sexual abuse, n (%)

0(0)

N/A

  

 Neglect, n (%)

6(46.2)

N/A

  

Cohabitation

 Single, n (%)

5(38.4)

2(4.8)

11.6

 < 0.001***

 Spouse/Partner, n (%)

7(53.8)

40(95.2)

  

Level of education

 Middle school or high school graduate, n (%)

2(15.4)

7(16.7)

17.83

 < 0.001***

 More than junior college graduate, n (%)

9(69.2)

34(81.1)

  

Annual household income (JPY)

 < 3,000,000, n (%)

5(38.4)

3(7.1)

5.96

0.01*

 > 3,000,000, n (%)

8(61.5)

39(92.9)

  

History of psychiatric disorders

 Psychiatric disorders, n (%)

9(69.2)

1(2.4)

25.38

 < 0.001***

 Neurological disorders, n (%)

3(23.1)

0(0)

10.26

 < 0.001***

 Neurodevelopmental disorders, n (%)

3(23.1)

0(0)

10.26

 < 0.001***

ADHD

2(15.4)

0(0)

  

ASD + ADHD

1(33.3)

0(0)

  
  1. ***p < .001, **p < .01, *p < .05.
  2. Statistics presented: Mean (SD); N (%), N/A: Not applicable Cohabitation of a; N = 11, Level of education of a; N = 11 b; N = 41.
  3. An annual income of less than 3 million yen is recognized as relative poverty. JPY; Japanese yen. 100 JPY is equivalent to $0.64 (May 2024).
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