Table 2 Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis of risk factors associated with distant metastasis in patients with GEP-NENs.

From: Development and validation of predictive models for distant metastasis and prognosis of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms

Variables

Univariate analysis

Multivariate analysis

OR

95%CI

P

OR

95%CI

P

Age

  < 30

Reference

Reference

 30–60

4.73

2.76 ~ 8.12

 < .001

1.57

0.85 ~ 2.91

0.152

  ≥ 60

6.01

3.50 ~ 10.31

 < .001

1.46

0.79 ~ 2.70

0.232

Sex

 Female

Reference

   

 Male

1.05

0.93 ~ 1.19

0.412

   

Race

 Black

Reference

Reference

 Others

0.72

0.52 ~ 0.99

0.046

0.93

0.64 ~ 1.37

0.728

 White

1.48

1.22 ~ 1.78

 < .001

1.17

0.94 ~ 1.45

0.159

Location

 Intestine

Reference

Reference

 Pancreas

1.27

1.10 ~ 1.47

0.001

1.22

1.01 ~ 1.47

0.038

 Stomach

0.52

0.38 ~ 0.71

 < .001

0.67

0.46 ~ 0.97

0.035

Grade

 I/II

Reference

Reference

 III/IV

6.33

5.34 ~ 7.50

 < .001

2.09

1.69 ~ 2.57

 < .001

Histologic

 Neuroendocrine carcinoma

Reference

Reference

 Neuroendocrine tumor

0.30

0.26 ~ 0.34

 < .001

0.65

0.55 ~ 0.77

 < .001

 Others

0.77

0.62 ~ 0.94

0.012

0.53

0.41 ~ 0.69

 < .001

Size

  < 2

Reference

Reference

 2–5

6.61

5.63 ~ 7.78

 < .001

1.68

1.39 ~ 2.03

 < .001

  ≥ 5

9.93

8.27 ~ 11.92

 < .001

2.31

1.84 ~ 2.91

 < .001

T

 T1

Reference

Reference

 T2

17.67

12.31 ~ 25.35

 < .001

7.91

5.37 ~ 11.65

 < .001

 T3

33.69

23.80 ~ 47.70

 < .001

11.21

7.61 ~ 16.50

 < .001

 T4

81.18

56.74 ~ 116.13

 < .001

25.13

16.84 ~ 37.50

 < .001

N

 N0

Reference

Reference

 N1

6.28

5.47 ~ 7.20

 < .001

1.99

1.68 ~ 2.35

 < .001

 N2

21.90

12.35 ~ 38.83

 < .001

3.35

1.73 ~ 6.48

 < .001

  1. Reference groups were selected based on clinical relevance and lowest risk strata (e.g., youngest age group, lowest T/N stage). OR: Odds Ratio, CI: Confidence Interval.
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