Table 3 Baseline characteristics of all patients at different circulating adiponectin levels.

From: The correlation between proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 and adiponectin in the progression from prediabetes to type 2 diabetes mellitus

Variables

Adiponectin concentration (mg/ml)

p value

Q1: < 3.82

Q2: 3.82–5.24

Q3: 5.24–7.60

Q4: > 7.60

Clinical characteristics

 N (%)

387 (25.45%)

380 (24.86%)

378 (24.67%)

383 (25.00%)

–

 Age (years)

48.73 ± 13.17

49.16 ± 13.17

50.70 ± 13.12a

54.05 ± 13.68abc

 < 0.001

 Male (%)

238 (61.49%)

190 (50.00%)a

157 (41.53%)ab

152 (39.69%)ab

 < 0.001

 BMI (kg/m2)

26.09 ± 4.31

25.94 ± 3.97

24.86 ± 3.24ab

24.37 ± 3.46ab

 < 0.001

 Hypertension (%)

193 (49.87%)

181 (47.63%)

152 (40.21%)ab

192 (50.13%)c

0.020

 Smoking (%)

102 (26.35%)

89 (23.55%)

72 (19.05%)a

67 (17.49%)ab

0.011

 Consumers of alcohol (%)

132 (34.11%)

166 (43.68%)a

88 (23.28%)ab

105 (27.41%)ab

 < 0.001

 Family history of MD (%)

162 (41.86%)

136 (35.78%)

130 (34.39%)

149 (38.90%)

0.143

 T2MD (%)

267 (68.99%)

214 (56.32%)a

181 (47.88%)ab

106 (27.68%)abc

 < 0.001

Laboratory variables

 FBG (mmol/L)

7.46 ± 2.29

7.06 ± 2.27a

6.73 ± 1.88ab

6.23 ± 1.29abc

 < 0.001

 HbA1c (%)

7.0 ± 1.4

7.0 ± 1.6

6.6 ± 1.3ab

6.2 ± 1.0abc

 < 0.001

 Insulin (μU/mL)

12.68 (10.89)

12.00 (10.99)

12.00 (7.72)

12.80 (7.46)

0.174

 HOMA-β

68.95 (64.93)

82.84 (67.55)a

79.38 (62.79)a

98.83 (69.70)abc

 < 0.001

 HOMA-IR

3.80 (3.94)

3.52 (3.89)

3.54 (2.59)a

3.39 (2.30)a

0.011

 HOMA-IS

0.26 (0.28)

0.28 (0.28)

0.28 (0.23)a

0.29 (0.21)a

0.014

 ApoB (mg/dL)

105.50 (43.80)

100.70 (33.85)

102.45 (35.80)

101.30 (35.50)

0.285

 ApoA1 (mg/dL)

134.30 (24.80)

141.50 (31.60)a

144.40 (41.20)ab

156.45 (42.55)abc

 < 0.001

 Total cholesterol (mmol/L)

5.05 (1.62)

4.86 (1.39)

5.06 (1.13)ab

5.02 (1.37)ab

0.001

 Triglycerides (mmol/L)

1.66 (1.14)

1.57 (0.91)

1.54 (1.22)a

1.29 (0.73)abc

 < 0.001

 HDL-C (mmol/L)

1.24 (0.28)

1.30 (0.26)a

1.33 (0.34)ab

1.47 (0.47)abc

 < 0.001

 LDL-C (mmol/L)

3.12 (1.28)

3.05 (1.11)

3.09 (0.92)

3.16 (1.02)

0.052

 Lp(a) (nmol/L)

15.30 (26.10)

12.10 (18.05)a

12.20 (17.92)

12.80 (23.60)b

0.020

 hs-CRP (mg/L)

1.07 (1.64)

0.95 (1.79)a

0.96 (1.53)

0.85 (1.39)ac

0.002

 HCY (umol/L)

10.45 (4.39)

10.14 (4.18)

10.43 (4.59)

10.95 (4.43)

0.161

 sdLDL-C (mmol/L)

1.18 (0.59)

1.14 (0.62)

1.16 (0.67)

1.07 ( 0.62)abc

0.002

 PCSK9 (ng/mL)

566.93 (422.25)

587.00 (511.95)

687.80 (602.30)ab

1044.60 (641.80)abc

 < 0.001

 Adiponectin (mg/mL)

3.12 (0.89)

4.50 (0.69)

6.27 (1.14)

9.81 (4.27)

 
  1. Data are reported as means ± SD or n (%), median (interquartile ranges). SD: Standard deviation.
  2. BMI: body mass index; DM: diabetes mellitus; FPG: fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c: Hemoglobin A1c; HOMA-β: homeostasis model assessment of beta-cell function; HOMA-IR: homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; HOMA-IS: homeostasis model assessment of insulin sensitivity; apoB: apolipoprotein B; apoA1: apolipoprotein A1; HDL-C: high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low density lipoprotein cholesterol; Lp(a): lipoprotein (a); Hs-CRP: hypersensitive C-reactive protein; HCY: homocysteine; sdLDL-C: small dense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; PCSK9: proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9.
  3. Statistical analysis was performed with the ANOVA or Kruskal–Wall test and with Chi-square test for categorical variables.
  4. aShows that the p < 0.05 compared with the Q1 group.
  5. bShows that the p < 0.05 compared with the Q2 group.
  6. cShows that the p < 0.05 compared with the Q3 group.
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