Fig. 1

Expression of cohesin and condensin components in embryonic stem (ES) cells. (A) Cohesin and condensin complex structure. The cohesin complex comprises long coiled-coil structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) subunits, specifically SMC3 and SMC1α in mitotic cohesins, and SMC3 and SMC1β in meiotic cohesins⁸. These SMC subunits, together with α-kleisin subunits—RAD21 for mitosis and REC8 for meiosis—assemble into a characteristic V-shaped structure. The condensin complex is classified into two subtypes, Condensin I and Condensin II. Condensin I consists of subunits SMC2, SMC4, CAPH, CAPD2, and CAPG, whereas Condensin II is composed of subunits SMC2, SMC4, CAPH2, CAPD3, and CAPG2¹⁶. (B) Expression analysis of cohesin and condensin components. Soluble proteins were extracted from asynchronous ES cells and mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). α-tubulin and OCT4 were used as a house keeping gene and stemness marker, respectively. (C) Comparison of expression levels of cohesin, condensin, and stemness-related genes between ES cells and MEFs, as assessed using RNA-sequencing. (D) Comparison of gene expression of cohesin and condensin. Expression levels from immunoblotting and RNA sequencing were analyzed to evaluate cohesin and condensin related gene expression. The expression levels measured using RNA-sequencing are represented as average values of two biological replicates. (E) Raw value of RNA-sequencing data. The error bar denotes the ± SD value from the biological replicates. (F) Comparison of cohesin components knockdown efficiency by siRNA pool against SMC3, RAD21, and REC8. (The original western blot image of Oct4 was cropped. Therefore, we have provided the full, uncropped image from the repeated experiments in the supplementary data). (G) Comparison of expression levels of cohesin, condensin, stemness, and proliferation-related genes between cells treated with siCtrl and cohesin component knockdown siRNA, assessed using RNA-sequencing data.