Table 4 Other clinical parameters in the study population.

From: Baseline clinical and biochemical profiles of type 2 diabetes patients enrolled in a lifestyle management program in India, a cross-sectional study

Parameter

Total n (%)

Descriptives!

Male n (%)

Female n (%)

p value

OR (CI)o

Hemoglobin (g/dl)

 n = 18,656*

  Normal

12,598 (67.5)

13.8 ± 2.6

7999 (66.4)

4599 (69.5)

 < 0.001

1.05 (1.03–1.08)

  Deficient17

6058 (32.5)

4044 (33.6)

2014 (30.5)

Micronutrients

 Vitamin B12 (pg/ml); n = 17,993

  Normal (≥ 200.0)

14,095 (78.3)

305 (211–482)

8792 (75.6)

5303 (83.2)

 < 0.001

1.16 (1.14–1.19)

  Deficient (< 200.0)18

3898 (21.7)

2831 (24.4)

1067 (16.8)

 Vitamin D (ng/ml); n = 18,131

  Normal (≥ 20.0)

9757 (53.8)

21.2 (13.7–31.9)

5920 (50.7)

3837 (59.4)

 < 0.001

1.13 (1.11–1.16)

  Deficient(< 20.0)19

8374(46.2)

5746 (49.3)

2628 (40.6)

Liver function

 Total Bilirubin (mg/dl); n = 18,457

  Normal (0.1–1.3)

17,638 (95.6)

0.7 ± 1.8

11,141 (93.6)

6497 (99.1)

 < 0.001

0.68 (0.66–0.69)

  Hyperbiluribinemia (> 1.3)20

819 (4.4)

762 (6.4)

57 (0.9)

 Total Protein (gm/dl); n = 18,165

  Normal (6.0–8.0)

17,402 (95.8)

7.3 ± 5.8

11,240 (95.9)

6162 (95.7)

0.54

1.02 (0.96–1.08)

  High (> 8.0)21

763 (4.2)

484 (4.1)

279 (4.3)

 Serum Albumin (gm/dl); n = 17,957

  Normal (3.5–5.0)

17,591 (98.0)

4.4 ± 3.1

11,304 (97.3)

6287 (99.3)

 < 0.001

0.74 (0.71–0.77)

  High (> 5.0)21

366 ( 2.0)

 

319 (2.7)

47 (0.7)

  

Renal function

 eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2); n = 17,072

 Normal (≥ 60.0)

16,440 (96.3)

100.4 ± 21.5

10,666 (96.4)

5774 (96.1)

0.41

0.98 (0.92–1.04)

 Low (< 60.0)22

632 (3.7)

400 (3.6)

232 (3.9)

Urine Microalbumin (µg/min); n = 14,184

  Normal (< 20.0)

11,117 (78.4)

7.2 (3.9–17.9)

7000 (77.0)

4117 (80.9)

 < 0.001

0.92 (0.90–0.95)

  Microalbuminuria (20.0–200.0)23

3067 (21.6)

2094 (23.0)

973 (19.1)

Serum Creatinine (mg/dl)‡

 n = 18,868

  Normal

17,553 (93.0)

0.81 ± 0.39

11,151 (91.5)

6402 (95.9)

 < 0.001

0.80 (0.78–0.83)

  High23

1315 (7.0)

1039 (8.5)

276 (4.1)

Uric Acid (mg/dl)#

 n = 16,167

  Normal

14,577 (90.2)

5.3 (4.4–6.2)

9453 (88.6)

5124 (93.2)

 < 0.001

2.21 (1.95–2.50)

  High24

1590 (9.8)

1217 (11.4)

373 (6.8)

 Blood Urea Nitrogen (mg/dl); n = 16,097

  Normal (5.0–20.0)

15,663 (97.3)

10.9 ± 7.9

10,105 (97.2)

5558 (97.5)

0.37

0.97 (0.91–1.04)

  High (> 20.0)25

434 (2.7)

289 (2.8)

145 (2.5)

 T3 (ng/dl); n = 16,165

  Normal (80.0–180.0)

13,110 (81.1)

99 (85–113)

8602 (82.2)

4508 (79.1)

 < 0.001

0.94 (0.78–1.12)

  High (> 180.0)26

50 (0.3)

35 (0.3)

15 (0.3)

  Low (< 80.0)

3005 (18.6)

1828 (17.5)

1177 (20.6)

0.93 (0.90–0.96)

 T4 (µg/dl); n = 16,196

  Normal (5.6–12.0)

14,656 (90.5)

8.5 (7.3–9.7)

9561 (91.2)

5095 (89.3)

 < 0.001

 

  High (> 12.0)26

694 (4.3)

294 (2.8)

400 (7.0)

1.54 (1.41–1.68)

  Low (< 5.6)

846 (5.2)

633 (6.0)

213 (3.7)

1.15 (1.10–1.20)

Additional parameter

 Iron (μg/dl)**; n = 17,423

  Normal (55.0–175.0)

14,684 (84.2)

79 (61.0–99.9)

10,050 (89.5)

4634 (74.8)

 < 0.001

 

  High (> 175.0)27

104 (0.6)

92 (0.8)

12 (0.2)

0.77 (0.72–0.83)

  Low (< 55.0)

2635 (15.1)

1084 (9.7)

1551 (25.0)

1.67 (1.59–1.74)

 CRP (mg/dl); n = 3936

  Normal (< 0.3)

195 (5.0)

2.7 (1.0–6.2)

134 (5.7)

61 (3.9)

0.01

1.16 (1.05–1.28)

  High (≥ 0.3)28

3741 (95.0)

2223 (94.3)

1518 (96.1)

 HsCRP; n = 15,494

  Low CV risk (< 1.0)

4221 (27.2)

2.0 (0.9–4.2)

3272 (32.8)

949 (17.2)

 < 0.001

 

  Moderate CV risk (1.0–3.0)

5805 (37.5)

3995 (40.0)

1810 (32.9)

1.13 (1.10–1.15)

  High CV risk (> 3.0)29

5468 (35.3)

2722 (27.2)

2746 (49.9)

1.56 (1.51–1.61)

  1. Data are presented as frequencies and percentages; Descriptive statistics are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) for normally distributed variables or median (interquartile range) for skewed variables; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; TSH, thyroid-stimulating hormone; CRP, C-reactive protein; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-Reactive protein; *reference range: male – ≥ 14 g/dl (normal), < 14 g/dl (low); female—≥ 12 g/dl (normal), < 12 g/dl (low)
  2. ‡ reference range: male – < 1.12 mg/dl (normal), ≥ 1.12 mg/dl (high); female—< 1.01 mg/dl (normal), ≥ 1.01 mg/dl (high); #reference range: male—3.5–7.2 mg/dl (normal), > 7.2 mg/dl (high); female–pre-menopause- 2.6–6.0 mg/dl (normal), > 6.0 mg/dl (high), post menopause—0.5–7.2 mg/dl (normal), > 7.2 mg/dl (high)
  3. **Reference range: male—55.0–175 μg/dl (normal), > 175 μg/dl (high), < 55 μg/dl (low); female—50.0–170.0 μg/dl (normal), > 170 μg/dl (high), < 50.0 μg/dl (low); references17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29 for corresponding parameter cut-off values.
  4. oReference–female.
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