Table 1 Provides a comparative analysis of key studies, emphasizing their contributions, limitations, and research gaps.

From: A novel Parrot Optimizer for robust and scalable PEMFC parameter optimization

References

Algorithm/Technique

Contribution

Limitations

Research Gaps

Kouache et al.1

Self-adaptive bonobo optimizer

Improved accuracy and computational efficiency for PEMFC parameter estimation

Computational overhead in scaling to larger systems

Scalability and real-time application

El-Fergany et al.2

Red-Billed Blue Magpie Optimizer

Enhanced electrical characterization of PEMFCs

Lack of comparative results with state-of-the-art methods

Robustness in large-scale systems

Saidi et al.3

Enhanced salp swarm algorithm

Robust parameter identification under various conditions

No real-world experimental validation

Experimental validation under dynamic conditions

Elfar et al.4

Particle swarm optimization

Effective PEMFC parameter identification

Limited validation under varying operating conditions

Comprehensive validation across diverse conditions

Yang et al.5

Neural network with pelican optimization

Reduced computational time with high accuracy

Scalability issues not deeply examined

Scalability to larger systems

Shaheen et al.6

Human memory optimizer

Robust PEMFC modeling with sensitivity analysis

Computational intensity in real-time applications

Real-time computational efficiency

Sultan et al.7

Modified manta ray foraging optimization

Enhanced precision in parameter identification

Limited application to diverse fuel cell types

Adaptability to different fuel cell types

Houssein et al.8

Walrus Optimizer

Significant accuracy improvements in parameter extraction

Lack of detailed comparative analysis with traditional methods

Comparative analysis with traditional methods

Priya et al.9

Clan co-operative spotted hyena optimizer

Computational efficiency in PEMFC modeling

Limited exploration of parameter variability under different conditions

Parameter variability under dynamic conditions

Ashraf et al.10

AI-based techniques for SOFCs

Comprehensive survey of optimization strategies

Focus on solid oxide fuel cells, limiting direct applicability to PEMFCs

Direct applicability to PEMFCs

Zhang et al.11

Swarm intelligence algorithm

High accuracy in PEMFC parameter identification

Limited insights into computational scalability for large datasets

Scalability to large datasets

Ebrahimi et al.12

Repairable Grey Wolf Optimization

Significant accuracy in parameter identification

No experimental validation of simulation results

Experimental validation

Duan et al.13

Amended deer hunting optimization

Robustness in PEMFC parameter estimation

Lack of detailed sensitivity analysis

Sensitivity analysis under varying conditions

He et al.14

Generalized regression neural networks with meta-heuristic algorithms

Effectiveness in PEMFC parameter identification

Computational challenges for real-time applications

Real-time computational efficiency

Rubio et al.15

Distributed intelligence for autonomous PEMFC control

Improved control system efficiency

Limited insights into scalability and adaptability

Scalability and adaptability

Ali et al.16

Coot bird optimizer

Adaptability to diverse datasets

Requires further validation in practical applications

Practical application validation

Abdel-Basset et al.17

Comparative study of recent methods

Superiority of specific approaches in PEMFC optimization

Lack of insights into implementation challenges

Implementation challenges

Yang et al.18

Review of mass transfer mechanisms in PEMFCs

Detailed theoretical foundation

No computational modeling validation

Computational modeling validation

Guo et al.19

Digital twin model for hybrid PV-SOFC systems

Potential implications for PEMFC modeling

Focus on SOFCs, limiting direct applicability to PEMFCs

Direct applicability to PEMFCs

Mitra et al.20

Comparative review of parameter estimation methods

Highlighted key methodological gaps

Limited addressing of implementation challenges in real-world scenarios

Real-world implementation challenges

Liu et al.21

Hybrid PSO with differential evolution

Innovation in PEMFC parameter identification

Computational intensity for large-scale applications

Scalability to large-scale systems

Abdel-Basset et al.22

Improved metaheuristic algorithms

Detailed comparative study of PEMFC parameter selection

Lack of experimental validation

Experimental validation

Wang et al.23

Improved chicken swarm optimization

Effective PEMFC model parameter estimation

Limited validation against experimental data

Extensive experimental validation

Rezk et al.24

Recent optimization algorithms

High accuracy in PEMFC parameter identification

Lack of comprehensive scalability analysis

Scalability analysis

Zhou et al.25

Improved fish migration optimization

Novel potential in PEMFC parameter identification

No addressing of long-term performance stability

Long-term performance stability

Shalaby et al.26

Membrane technologies

Indirect implications for PEMFCs

Focus on water treatment, limiting direct relevance

Direct relevance to PEMFCs

Wilberforce et al.27

Neural networks for PEMFC power and voltage prediction

High accuracy in prediction

Limited exploration of model adaptability to varied operating conditions

Adaptability to varied conditions

Li et al.28

Deep reinforcement learning for PEMFC control

Promising results in multi-system coordination

Computational demands as a limitation

Computational efficiency

Rezaie et al.29

Modified golden jackal optimization

Significant improvements in PEMFC parameter modeling

Requires further validation for real-world applicability

Real-world applicability

Ding et al.30

Review of machine learning applications

Comprehensive overview of PEMFC optimization

No practical implementation examples

Practical implementation examples

Yang et al.31

Bald Eagle Search Algorithm

High efficiency in PEMFC parameter identification

Limited exploration of algorithm performance under diverse conditions

Performance under diverse conditions

Losantos et al.32

Genetic algorithms for HTPEMFCs

Focus on high-temperature PEMFCs

Limited insights into standard PEMFCs

Application to standard PEMFCs

Liao et al.33

Neural networks for educational evaluation

Limited relevance to PEMFC modeling

Limited relevance to PEMFC modeling

Relevance to PEMFC modeling

Li et al.34

Multi-objective deep reinforcement learning

Promising results in PEMFC control

Lack of practical implementation examples

Practical implementation examples

Abdel-Basset et al.35

Efficient parameter estimation algorithm

High accuracy in PEMFC parameter estimation

Lack of insights into scalability

Scalability to larger systems

Li et al.36

Improved deterministic policy gradient algorithm

Effective results in PEMFC control

Limited adaptability to varied operating conditions

Adaptability to varied conditions

Gouda et al.37

Jellyfish Search Algorithm

Significant improvements in PEMFC parameter extraction

Scalability remains a concern

Scalability to larger systems

Zhu et al.38

Adaptive Sparrow Search Algorithm

Accuracy in PEMFC parameter identification

Limited experimental validation

Extensive experimental validation

Alizadeh et al.39

SCCSA optimization algorithm

Robustness in PEMFC parameter extraction

No exploration of scalability to larger systems

Scalability to larger systems