Table 9 Optimized parameters and optimal function value for CASE 6.

From: A novel Parrot Optimizer for robust and scalable PEMFC parameter optimization

Algorithm

PSO

DE

WOA

ROA

FHO

AOA

SCA

MVO

BA

PO

\({\xi }_{1}\)

− 0.99852

− 1.16337

− 0.8532

− 1.05312

− 1.0607

− 1.14097

− 0.92833

− 1.06531

− 1.10293

− 0.86344

\({\xi }_{2}\)

0.002573

0.002951

0.002063

0.003216

0.002942

0.003056

0.002843

0.0032

0.002651

0.001914

\({\xi }_{3}\)

5.48E−05

4.72E−05

4.93E−05

8.94E−05

6.83E−05

5.94E−05

8.92E−05

8.57E−05

3.82E−05

3.65E−05

\({\xi }_{4}\)

− 0.00017

− 0.00017

− 0.00017

− 0.00017

− 0.00017

− 0.00017

− 0.00017

− 0.00017

− 0.00018

− 0.00017

\(\lambda \)

14

14

14

14

14.00001

15.90356

14

14.00036

14

14

\({R}_{c}\)

0.0008

0.0008

0.0008

0.000799

0.0008

0.0008

0.0008

0.0008

0.000421

0.0008

B

0.016912

0.017314

0.017317

0.017211

0.017322

0.017493

0.01731

0.017287

0.015106

0.017317

Min

0.284619

0.283774

0.283774

0.283864

0.283774

0.288423

0.283807

0.283779

0.337645

0.283774

Max

0.344437

0.287801

0.297691

0.324159

0.283836

0.330287

0.283913

0.283806

0.353931

0.283774

Mean

0.304319

0.285126

0.294908

0.296998

0.283795

0.319987

0.283854

0.28379

0.346696

0.283774

Std

0.026932

0.001742

0.006224

0.018609

2.77E−05

0.017708

4.55E−05

1.11E−05

0.006794

8.33E−17

RT

2.767369

3.062332

2.422776

2.678952

5.444111

3.226603

3.422277

3.979858

5.674676

0.117132

FR

7.6

4.6

6.4

6.2

3.2

8.6

4.4

3.2

9.8

1