Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study participants.

From: Impact of steatotic liver disease categories on atrial fibrillation in type 2 diabetes: a nationwide study

 

No Steatosis

MASLD

MetALD

ALD with metabolic

MASLD with other combined

 

(N = 1778355)

(N = 510905)

(N = 100568)

(N = 34597)

(N = 56455)

Age, year

58.52 ± 12.19

54.05 ± 12.16

50.92 ± 10.33

51.43 ± 10.16

54.97 ± 10.83

Age groups

< 40

111,741 (6.28)

60,756 (11.89)

12,859 (12.79)

3709 (10.72)

4175 (7.40)

40–64

1,077,104 (60.57)

342,863 (67.11)

77,751 (77.31)

27,339 (79.02)

41,257 (73.08)

≥ 65

589,510 (33.15)

107,286 (21.00)

9958 (9.90)

3549 (10.26)

11,023 (19.53)

Sex

Male

957,317 (53.83)

360,075 (70.48)

96,570 (96.02)

33,676 (97.34)

43,429 (76.93)

Female

821,038 (46.17)

150,830 (29.52)

3998 (3.98)

921 (2.66)

13,026 (23.07)

BMI, kg/m2

23.94 ± 2.68

28.25 ± 3.31

26.94 ± 3.11

26.80 ± 3.27

27.83 ± 3.37

Waist circumference, cm

82.40 ± 7.12

93.36 ± 7.37

91.60 ± 7.26

91.67 ± 7.61

93.14 ± 7.55

SBP, mmHg

127.72 ± 15.70

132.27 ± 15.57

133.61 ± 15.58

134.13 ± 16.09

131.06 ± 15.20

DBP, mmHg

77.87 ± 9.96

81.92 ± 10.31

83.59 ± 10.50

83.77 ± 10.65

81.22 ± 10.05

Fasting glucose, mg/dL

142.47 ± 46.43

151.48 ± 47.77

154.97 ± 46.32

158.30 ± 49.99

146.13 ± 47.59

Total cholesterol, mg/dL

192.58 ± 40.79

209.46 ± 44.02

207.57 ± 44.63

205.98 ± 47.03

197.46 ± 44.14

HDL cholesterol, mg/dL

52.92 ± 21.87

48.64 ± 21.48

51.83 ± 22.54

52.60 ± 23.46

49.06 ± 22.96

LDL cholesterol, mg/dL

112.66 ± 38.88

111.41 ± 44.94

101.79 ± 45.95

98.62 ± 48.07

102.74 ± 45.08

eGFR, mL/min/1.73m2

84.83 ± 35.34

85.36 ± 38.06

90.23 ± 37.48

92.18 ± 42.43

86.33 ± 38.62

Triglycerides, mg/dL

122.68 (122.59–122.77)

226.76 (226.45–227.07)

245.99 (245.21–246.78)

246.65 (245.25–248.07)

208.74 (207.87–209.61)

AST, IU/L

23.78 (23.77–23.79)

31.76 (31.72–31.81)

36.01 (35.89–36.13)

39.70 (39.45–39.96)

37.85 (37.67–38.03)

ALT, IU/L

22.71 (22.70–22.73)

37.66 (37.60–37.72)

38.85 (38.71–38.99)

40.09 (39.84–40.35)

40.49 (40.27–40.70)

GGT, IU/L

27.85 (27.83–27.88)

64.36 (64.23–64.48)

114.08 (113.56–114.60)

137.42 (136.26–138.59)

85.00 (84.41–85.60)

Income, Lowest Q1

377,867 (21.25)

106,481 (20.84)

18,297 (18.19)

6674 (19.29)

12,262 (21.72)

Smoking

None

1,085,145 (61.02)

240,441 (47.06)

18,030 (17.93)

6309 (18.24)

24,160 (42.80)

Former

299,470 (16.84)

104,599 (20.47)

28,696 (28.53)

9683 (27.99)

12,997 (23.02)

Current

393,740 (22.14)

165,865 (32.46)

53,842 (53.54)

18,605 (53.78)

19,298 (34.18)

Drinkinga

None

1,127,413 (63.40)

252,865 (49.49)

N/A

N/A

26,540 (47.01)

Mild

528,205 (29.70)

258,040 (50.51)

N/A

N/A

29,915 (52.99)

Heavy

97,833 (5.50)

N/A

100,568 (100)

N/A

N/A

Excessive

24,904 (1.40)

N/A

N/A

34,597 (100)

N/A

Regular exercise

385,330 (21.67)

89,780 (17.57)

19,638 (19.53)

6884 (19.90)

11,098 (19.66)

CKD

206,894 (11.63)

53,553 (10.48)

5121 (5.09)

1616 (4.67)

5693 (10.08)

CCI Score, ≥5

286,598 (16.12)

56,274 (11.01)

7762 (7.72)

3242 (9.37)

17,017 (30.14)

CCI Score

2.41 ± 2.12

1.91 ± 1.96

1.63 ± 1.79

1.81 ± 1.86

3.63 ± 2.17

DM Duration

New onset

657,132 (36.95)

241,060 (47.18)

56,594 (56.27)

18,089 (52.28)

16,523 (29.27)

< 5 years

557,119 (31.33)

166,845 (32.66)

28,417 (28.26)

10,301 (29.77)

25,731 (45.58)

≥ 5 years

564,104 (31.72)

103,000 (20.16)

15,557 (15.47)

6207 (17.94)

14,201 (25.15)

OHA, ≥3

277,434 (15.60)

62,817 (12.30)

9488 (9.43)

3918 (11.32)

10,452 (18.51)

Insulinb

156,699 (8.81)

29,817 (5.84)

3928 (3.91)

1698 (4.91)

5991 (10.61)

MI

18,175 (1.02)

4478 (0.88)

547 (0.54)

175 (0.51)

857 (1.52)

CHF

25,099 (1.41)

6976 (1.37)

571 (0.57)

230 (0.66)

1186 (2.10)

Hypertension

989,174 (55.62)

329,798 (64.55)

63,647 (63.29)

22,292 (64.43)

40,263 (71.32)

Dyslipidemia

707,404 (39.78)

249,182 (48.77)

43,341 (43.10)

14,529 (41.99)

31,009 (54.93)

Statin use

574,083 (32.28)

173,105 (33.88)

28,505 (28.34)

9852 (28.48)

27,405 (48.54)

Stroke

83,442 (4.69)

18,047 (3.53)

1729 (1.72)

611 (1.77)

2627 (4.65)

TIA

25,603 (1.44)

6030 (1.18)

850 (0.85)

283 (0.82)

1196 (2.12)

Thromboembolism

18,887 (1.06)

4343 (0.85)

656 (0.65)

233 (0.67)

915 (1.62)

PAD

281,327 (15.82)

65,261 (12.77)

9970 (9.91)

3661 (10.58)

10,573 (18.73)

CHA2DS2-VASc scorec

2.73 ± 1.41

2.43 ± 1.28

1.94 ± 0.88

1.95 ± 0.86

2.52 ± 1.25

CHA2DS2-VASc ≥ 3

882,797 (49.64)

199,608 (39.07)

19,584 (19.47)

6768 (19.56)

23,382 (41.42)

  1. Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) or number (%).
  2. aAlcohol consumption (1) None (2) Mild- <30 g/d for men, < 20 g/d for women (3) Heavy- 30 ≤ men < 60 g/d, 20 ≤ women < 50 g/d (4) Excessive- ≥60 g/d for men, ≥ 50 g/d for women.
  3. bInsulin use: A total of three or more prescriptions of insulin in an outpatient setting and at least one prescription of insulin per year.
  4. cCHA2DS2-VASc score includes CHF, hypertension, age (≥ 65 = 1points; ≥75 = 2points), DM, previous stroke/TIA/thromboembolism (2points), vascular disease (PAD, previous MI, and aortic atheroma), and sex category (female sex).
  5. Abbreviations: ALD, alcohol-related liver disease; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index; CCI, Charlson Comorbidity Index; CHF, congestive heart failure; CKD, chronic kidney disease; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; DM, diabetes mellitus; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; GGT, gamma-glutamyl transferase; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; MASLD, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease; MetALD, metabolic dysfunction and alcohol-related steatotic liver disease; MI, myocardial infarction; OHA, oral hypoglycemic agent; PAD, peripheral arterial disease; Q, quartile; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SD, standard deviation; TIA, transient ischemic attack.
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