Fig. 2
(A) Displays the island of Oʻahu, along with all transect locations where modeling was performed (green), and the 50-m contour isobath where wave hindcasts were extracted and later used for model forcing (blue dots). The Paumalū case study region (pink box) is also shown, with the particular wave hindcast location (red dot) used in modeling shoreline change at Transect #1323 (highlighted bold red and labeled in B). (B) Shows the Paumalū study region with model transects overlaid in orange. Transects #1295 and #1345 are labeled to show the end points of the case study region. Shoreline modeling at Transect #1323 (bold red) is presented in C. (C) Displays wave height hindcast data (C1), and shoreline modeling components (C2–C6) between 1990 and 2023 for Transect #1323. Daily significant wave height (C1) shows strong seasonality, with smaller waves in the summer (May–October; pink background shading) and larger wave heights during winter months (white background). (C2) represents the simulated total shoreline position (YY) with a 95% confidence interval (shaded maroon bands), along with satellite observations (blue circles with uncertainty bars) and a few historical aerial photo observations (pink circles with uncertainty bars). Also displayed are the modeled individual shoreline change components due to: (C3) short-term cross-shore wave-driven processes, STW; (C4), sea level rise, or the Bruunian response, BRU; (C5) long-term linear residual processes, LTR; and (C6) alongshore transport, ALST. Negative (positive) shoreline change indicates shoreline recession (advance). Model parameters are allowed to assimilate according to data during the hindcast (calibration) period (1990–2020), while no assimilation takes place during the hindcast (validation) period (2020–2023). Panel A: Satellite imagery hosted by ESRI through the “geobasemap” function, Matlab (R2023b). Panel B: Satellite imagery map of area of interest with transects overlaid, Google Earth (2024), accessed September 2024.
