Table 1 Questionnaire items used in this study.

Perceived usefulness (PU)

PU1

I believe VR can provide great entertainment

Venkatesh and Davis⁹³, Fagan et al.¹²⁵

PU2

I believe using VR can help me distract my attention

PU3

I believe VR can help me forget about my troubles

PU4

I believe VR can help me increase positive emotions

Perceived ease of use (PEOU)

PEOU1

I believe becoming proficient in using VR is easy for me

Venkatesh and Davis⁹³, Fagan et al.¹²⁵

PEOU2

I believe learning to use VR is easy for me

PEOU3

I believe using VR to regulate my emotions comes naturally to me

Attitude (ATT)

ATT1

I believe using VR to regulate my emotions is a good idea

Venkatesh and Davis⁹³, Kim et al.⁹⁸

ATT2

I believe using VR to regulate my emotions is a wise choice

ATT3

I have a positive attitude towards using VR to regulate my emotions

Behavioral intention (BI)

BI1

If given the opportunity, I would be willing to use VR to regulate my emotions

Venkatesh and Davis.⁹³, Kim et al.⁹⁸

BI2

I would recommend fellow patients to use VR for regulating their emotions

BI3

I look forward to using more VR for self-emotion regulation

Capability performance (CP)

CP1

I believe that using VR can help me regulate my emotions more quickly

Rasimah et al. ¹²⁶, Shao and Lee⁸⁵

CP2

I think using VR to regulate emotions is faster than self-regulation

CP3

I believe that using VR to regulate my own emotions is more effective than seeking comfort from others

Self-efficacy (SE)

SE1

I believe I can easily use VR to regulate my emotions

Bandura¹⁰⁰, Adams et al.¹²⁰

SE2

I think it feels great to use VR to regulate emotions

SE3

I believe that even without anyone teaching me, I can easily figure out how to operate VR

Technology anxiety (TA)

TA1

I'm concerned that VR might leak my private information

Lindner et al.¹¹⁰

TA2

I'm afraid that making a mistake during VR usage could lead to serious consequences

TA3

I'm hesitant to use VR technology because I’m afraid of making mistakes

User experience (UE)

UE1

I believe VR can provide me with entirely new experiences

Kim et al.⁹⁸, Mäkinen et al.⁹⁹, Sagnier et al.¹²²

UE2

The visuals in VR make me feel very immersed

UE3

The movements and feedback in VR are very responsive

UE4

Overall, I think the user experience in VR is excellent

Immersed virtual environment (IVE)

IVE1

During the use of VR, I can temporarily set aside real-world problems

Kim et al.⁹⁸, Xu et al.¹²⁷

IVE2

While using VR, I forget about the surrounding world

IVE3

In the process of using VR, I experience a sense of immersion

IVE4

When using VR, I feel that time passes quickly

Social norms (SN)

SN1

The opinions and attitudes of family and friends can influence my use of VR for self-emotional regulation

Castiblanco et al.¹¹⁵, Sagnier et al.¹²²

SN2

The viewpoints and attitudes of people around me, such as fellow patients, can affect my use of VR for self-emotional regulation

SN3

Promotions by the government, media, and hospitals can impact my use of VR

Perceived enjoyment (PE)

PE1

I believe I would greatly enjoy the process of using VR

Venkatesh and Davis.⁹³, Hsiao and Yang⁹⁵

PE2

I find using VR to be a lot of fun

PE3

I think VR is very appealing

Personal innovativeness (PI)

PI1

I enjoy trying out new technologies

Adams et al.¹²⁰, Kim et al.¹²³, Bogicevic et al.¹²⁸

PI2

I am willing to embrace the changes brought about by high-tech innovations like VR

PI3

If I hear about new technologies, I will make an effort to experiment with them

PI4

Among my peers, I am often the first person to use new technology products or services

Perceived risk (PR)

PR1

I believe that the quality of VR devices and content varies widely

Castiblanco et al.¹¹⁵

PR2

I think that using VR may cause dizziness, nausea, and physical discomfort

PR3

I find using VR to be quite cumbersome