Fig. 1
Effect of K3G on 16HBE Cell Viability. (A) Chemical structure of K3G (Kaempferol 3-O-gentiobioside) highlighting key functional groups: hydroxyl (-OH) at positions C-5, C-7, and C-4’, ketone (C = O) at C-4, and the β-1,6-linked gentiobiose disaccharide. (B–D) 16HBE cells were treated with various concentrations of K3G (0, 5, 25, 50, and 100 µM) for 24, 48, and 72 h. Cell viability was assessed using the CCK-8 assay. (E) Cells were pretreated with K3G (5, 25, and 50 µM) for 1 h, followed by stimulation with IL-13 at the indicated concentrations for an additional 24 h. The effect of IL-13 on nitrite production was determined using the Griess assay. (F) 16HBE cells were pretreated with K3G (5, 25, and 50 µM) for 1 h and then treated with IL-13 for 6 h; ROS levels were detected by flow cytometry. (G) Displays statistical data on ROS levels. ###P < 0.001 compared to control group (Ctrl); ***P < 0.001 compared to the IL-13-treated group.
