Table 3 Environmental and clinical predictors influencing asthma control: findings from a cross-sectional study conducted in community pharmacies of Lahore, Pakistan (n = 284)

From: Socio-demographic environmental and clinical factors influencing asthma control in community pharmacies of Lahore Pakistan

Variables

Control of Asthma (N %)

Univariate Analysis

Multivariate Analysis

 

Control

Partially Control

Uncontrol

Crude OR (95% CI)

P-value

Adjusted OR (95% CI)

P-value

Effect size

Duration of asthma

Less than 1 year

22 (22.2)

45 (45.5)

32 (32.3)

Referent

 

Referent

  

1 to 2 years

5 (22.7)

9 (40.9)

8 (36.4)

0.238 (0.112-0.505)

<0.001

0.052 (0.034-0.132)

0.001

0.01

2 to 5 years

19 (31.1)

30 (49.2)

12 (19.7)

0.954 (0.456-1.996)

0.047

0.547 (0.234-1.334)

0.061

-

More than 5 years

55 (53.9)

28 (27.5)

19 (18.6)

0.216 (0.063-0.741)

0.015

1.696 (0.698-4.120)

0.043

0.01

Family history of asthma

Yes

73 (46.2)

50 (31.6)

35 (22.2)

Referent

 

Referent

  

No

28 (22.2)

62 (49.2)

36 (28.6)

3.233 (1.822-5.735)

<0.001

2.682 (1.418-5.072)

0.002

0.01

Smoking

Active smoking

30 (27.3)

45 (40.9)

35 (31.8)

Referent

 

Referent

  

Passive smoking

20 (18.3)

55 (50.5)

34 (31.2)

0.034 (0.008-0.150)

<0.001

214 (0.045-1.021)

0.053

-

No smoking

51 (78.5)

12 (18.5)

2 (3.1)

0.023 (0.005-0.105)

<0.001

0.270 (0.057-1.209)

0.099

-

Allergic rhinitis

Yes

60 (42.9)

45 (32.1)

35 (25.0)

Referent

 

Referent

  

No

41 (28.5)

67 (46.5)

36 (25.0)

2.179 (1.259-3.769)

0.020

1.505 (0.816-2.775)

0.190

-

Respiratory tract infection

Yes

31 (24.2)

55 (43.0)

42 (32.8)

Referent

 

Referent

  

No

70 (44.9)

57 (36.5)

26 (18.6)

459 (0.262-0.805)

0.001

0.306 (0.162-0.577)

0.007

0.02

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

Yes

40 (27.8)

58 (40.3)

46 (31.9)

Referent

 

Referent

  

No

61 (43.6)

54 (38.6)

25 (17.9)

0.611 (0.354-1.052)

0.005

0.356 (1.190-0.669)

0.076

-

Adherence to given treatment plan

Yes

80 (45.2)

55 (31.1)

42 (23.7)

Referent

 

Referent

  

No

21 (19.6)

57 (53.3)

29 (27.1)

3.948 (2.152-7.243)

<0.001

2.630 (1.340-5.163)

<0.001

0.05

Daily Exercise

Yes

74 (43.8)

55 (32.5)

40 (23.7)

Referent

 

Referent

  

No

27 (23.5)

57 (49.6)

31 (27.0)

2.840 (1.597-5.051)

0.001

2.124 (1.116-4.043)

0.022

0.03

  1. Effect size was determined using Partial Eta Squared (η2). Based on Cohen’s classification, an effect size is considered small if 0.01 ≤ η2 ≤ 0.06, medium if 0.06 ≤ η2 ≤ 0.14, and large if η2 ≥ 0.14.
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