Table 1 Baseline characteristics (index date) of mortality cases and matched controls.

From: Differential association between cumulative dose of 5α-reductase inhibitors and mortality

Variables

Control

Casea

Crude

n or mean

(%) or (SD)

n or mean

(%) or (SD)

HR

95% CI

Total

14,630

(82.6)

3084

(17.4)

    

Age (years, at diagnosis)

68.5

(8.5)

69.1

(8.8)

n.af

   

Follow up period (years)

5.7

(3.2)

5.7

(3.2)

n.af

   

Area of residence

        

Capital area

5326

(36.4)

940

(30.5)

1.000

   

Metropolitan

3301

(22.6)

714

(23.2)

1.235

1.107

-

1.378

Province(rural)

6003

(41.0)

1430

(46.4)

1.359

1.238

-

1.492

Economic status

        

Low

1794

(12.3)

419

(13.6)

0.999

0.879

-

1.136

Middle

4854

(33.2)

1113

(36.1)

1.000

   

High

7982

(54.6)

1552

(50.3)

0.830

0.760

-

0.907

Insurance type

        

Self-employed

3638

(24.9)

472

(15.3)

1.000

   

Dependents of self-employed

697

(4.8)

420

(13.6)

5.310

4.493

-

6.274

Employee

1904

(13.0)

205

(6.6)

0.759

0.634

-

0.909

Dependents of employee

8391

(57.4)

1987

(64.4)

1.905

1.703

-

2.130

Physical activityb

        

Inactive

8202

(56.1)

2074

(67.3)

1.000

   

Insufficiently active

2836

(19.4)

487

(15.8)

0.681

0.609

-

0.762

Sufficiently active

3592

(24.6)

523

(17.0)

0.579

0.521

-

0.645

Alcohol statusc

        

Social drinker

1868

(12.8)

436

(14.1)

1.000

   

Current drinker

12,762

(87.2)

2648

(85.9)

0.886

0.782

-

1.003

Smoking status

        

Non-smoker

6823

(46.6)

1388

(45.0)

1.000

   

Past smoker

5276

(36.1)

985

(31.9)

0.939

0.856

-

1.030

Current smoker

2531

(17.3)

711

(23.1)

1.480

1.331

-

1.646

Body mass index

        

Underweight (less than 18.5 kg/m2)

738

(5.0)

320

(10.4)

2.099

1.805

-

2.442

Normal (18.5–24.9 kg/m2)

9298

(63.6)

2026

(65.7)

1.000

   

Overweight (25–29.9 kg/m2)

4304

(29.4)

689

(22.3)

0.742

0.674

-

0.816

Obese (more than 30 kg/m2)

290

(2.0)

49

(1.6)

0.757

0.552

-

1.037

Number of outpatient visits per year

        

less than 7 times

633

(4.3)

74

(2.4)

1.000

   

7–13 times

1967

(13.4)

270

(8.8)

1.207

0.911

-

1.599

14–30 times

5810

(39.7)

1164

(37.7)

1.812

1.400

-

2.346

more than 30 times

6220

(42.5)

1576

(51.1)

2.364

1.826

-

3.061

Number of admissions

        

no admission

4754

(32.5)

151

(4.9)

1.000

   

1 time

2678

(18.3)

180

(5.8)

2.544

2.019

-

3.205

2 times

2100

(14.4)

225

(7.3)

4.395

3.502

-

5.517

more than 3 times

5098

(34.8)

2528

(82.0)

24.503

20.262

-

29.631

Alpha blockerd

        

Never

3581

(24.5)

430

(13.9)

1.000

   

Less than 30 cDDDs

1826

(12.5)

385

(12.5)

1.757

1.506

-

2.049

30 ~ 365 cDDDs

4330

(29.6)

1256

(40.7)

2.470

2.184

-

2.794

More than 365 cDDDs

4956

(33.9)

1013

(32.8)

1.741

1.530

-

1.980

Prostate surgical interventione

        

Never

14,589

(99.7)

41

(1.3)

1.000

   

Ever

3082

(21.1)

2

(0.1)

0.239

0.058

-

0.988

Comorbidity

        

Chronic kidney disease

1181

(8.1)

238

(7.7)

0.924

0.795

-

1.075

Congestive heart failure

2303

(15.7)

503

(16.3)

1.026

0.919

-

1.146

Hypertension

11,540

(78.9)

2381

(77.2)

0.885

0.803

-

0.976

Chronic liver disease

9675

(66.1)

1927

(62.5)

0.852

0.784

-

0.925

Diabetes mellitus

8565

(58.5)

1832

(59.4)

1.044

0.961

-

1.133

Cancer

4054

(27.7)

1557

(50.5)

2.872

2.641

-

3.123

Stroke

4091

(28.0)

963

(31.2)

1.162

1.063

-

1.269

Psychiatric disorder

11,457

(78.3)

2346

(76.1)

0.851

0.774

-

0.937

Ischemic heart disease

5910

(40.4)

1148

(37.2)

0.859

0.790

-

0.934

  1. The text in bold font indicates a statistically significant difference.
  2. Abbreviations: HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; cDDD, cumulative defined daily dose; n.a, not applicable.
  3. a Patients who died were classified as cases.
  4. b Inactive; insufficiently active, less than 600 metabolic equivalents of task [MET] minutes per week; sufficiently active, more than 600 MET-min/week).
  5. c Social drinker, consuming alcohol less than once a week; Current drinker, consuming alcohol more than once a week.
  6. d Including alfuzosin, terazosin, doxazosin, tamsulosin, silodosin, and naftopidil.
  7. e Including lodine-125 permanent implant for prostate cancer, Intraprostatic injection, Prostatectomy, Total prostatoseminal vesiculectomy, Transurethral resection of prostate, Photoselective vaporization of the prostate, Holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP), Cryosurgical ablation of prostate cancer, High intensity focused ultrasound for prostate cancer, Prostatic urethral lift using the implantable device.
  8. f Not applicable because of matched variable.
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