Fig. 1

Phenotypic parameters of FeNP-treated cucumber plants. a Shoot dry weight; b Root dry weight; c Leaf SPAD index after 13 d of growth in hydroponics. Control plants (C); plants grown without P (-P); plants grown with NPs as a source of P (PNP). Data are means ± S.E. of three independent experiments with three plants each (one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s test, n = 9, three plants for each independent growth experiment, p < 0.05).