Fig. 4

Colocalization analysis of chronic LBP and Parkinson’s disease. Regional association plots showing SNP association signals for LBP (left) and PD (right) on chromosome 6. The y-axis represents − log10(P) values, with rs2523656 marked as the lead SNP. Colors indicate LD (r2) with rs2523656, ranging from high to low linkage disequilibrium. Plots reveal distinct genetic architectures, supporting the colocalization result of low shared causal variant probability.