Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the patients.

From: Interpretable machine learning model for predicting post-hepatectomy liver failure in hepatocellular carcinoma

Variables

Training cohort (n = 312)

Validation cohort (n = 93)

Prospective cohort (n = 62)

P-value

Demographics

 PHLF

  Yes

80 (25.64%)

23 (24.73%)

16 (25.81%)

0.978

  No

232 (74.36%)

70 (75.27%)

46 (74.19%)

 

 Gender

  Male

258 (82.69%)

74 (79.57%)

56 (90.30%)

0.135

  Female

54 (17.31%)

19 (20.43%)

6 (9.70%)

 

Age, years

56.36 ± 8.93

57.06 ± 8.95

56.82 ± 9.33

0.711

BMI, kg/m2

23.40 (4.30)

23.10 (3.95)

23.50 (4.35)

0.506

Complication

 HBsAg

228 (73.07%)

67 (72.04%)

41 (66.10%)

0.266

 Anti-HCV

43 (13.78%)

13 (13.98%)

13 (21.00%)

0.148

 Hypertension

  Yes

41 (13.14%)

10 (10.75%)

5 (8.06%)

0.266

  No

271 (86.86%)

83 (89.25%)

57 (91.94%)

 

 Diabetes

  Yes

21 (6.73%)

3 (3.23%)

4 (6.45%)

0.999

  No

291 (93.27%)

90 (96.77%)

58 (93.55%)

 

 CSPH

  Yes

48 (15.38%)

20 (21.51%)

12 (19.35%)

0.437

  No

264 (84.62%)

73 (78.49%)

52 (80.65%)

 

Imaging data

 Liver cirrhosis

  Yes

274 (87.82%)

81 (87.10%)

53 (85.48%)

0.612

  No

38 (12.18%)

12 (12.90%)

9 (14.52%)

 

 Ascites

  Yes

194 (62.18%)

55 (59.14%)

32 (51.61%)

0.120

  No

118(37.82%)

38 (40.86%)

30 (48.39%)

 

Tumor size, cm

3.40 (0.90)

3.40 (1.25)

3.55 (1.33)

0.159

 Tumor number

  Multiple

184 (58.97%)

52 (55.91%)

36 (58.06%)

0.894

  Single

128 (41.03%)

41 (44.09%)

26 (41.94%)

 

Preoperative laboratory tests

 ALT, U/L

35.50 (31.00)

35.00 (33.00)

36.00 (30.75)

0.265

 AST, U/L

33.50 (24.00)

34.00 (26.00)

33.00 (28.50)

0.528

 AAR

0.96 (0.51)

1.07 (0.55)

0.91 (0.44)

0.142

 GGT, U/L

60.00 (72.00)

69.00 (68.00)

58.50 (62.25)

0.772

 ALB, g/L

42.00 (5.58)

42.00 (5.55)

42.00 (5.40)

0.560

 PA, mg/L

179.00 (67.00)

179.00 (62.00)

163.00 (91.00)

0.478

 White sphere ratio

1.49 (0.45)

1.47 (0.45)

1.49 (0.46)

0.755

 CREA, g/L

0.71 (0.18)

0.69 (0.18)

0.73 (0.23)

0.531

 Cholinesterase, IU/L

6650.00 (3001.00)

6598.00 (2852.00)

7271.50 (3905.00)

0.772

 ALP, U/L

98.00 (46.00)

106.00 (49.00)

100.50 (46.50)

0.497

 TBIL, μmol/L

14.28 (6.81)

14.59 (7.13)

13.68 (5.35)

0.314

 FIB, g/L

2.57 (1.01)

2.63 (1.00)

2.54 (1.00)

0.932

 INR

1.03 (0.12)

1.03 (0.12)

1.03 (0.13)

0.470

 PTA, %

91.10 (14.85)

90.00 (16.10)

86.30 (14.83)

0.387

 APTT

29.20 (5.55)

28.70 (5.20)

29.35 (4.35)

0.473

Inflammatory and immune function indicators

 Monocyte, 109/L

0.34 (0.16)

0.33 (0.16)

0.36 (0.18)

0.128

 Neutrophil, 109/L

3.15 (1.65)

3.03 (1.73)

3.36 (2.10)

0.399

 Lymphocyte, 109/L

1.54 (0.74)

1.50 (0.80)

1.62 (0.62))

0.215

 PLT,109/L

165.00 (82.00)

167.00 (86.00)

174.00 (113.00)

0.237

 NLR

2.09 (1.23)

1.95 (1.41)

1.95 (1.71)

0.827

 PLR

101.22 (59.12)

104.20 (64.43)

101.57 (60.19)

0.899

 LMR

4.53 (2.48)

4.78 (2.73)

4.16 (2.56)

0.229

 GLR

40.14 (50.81)

43.82 (46.45)

43.19 (54.63)

0.725

 GPR

0.39 (0.48)

0.42 (0.46)

0.36 (0.49)

0.697

 AGR

0.73 (0.79)

0.58 (0.57)

0.72 (0.67)

0.796

 ALR

22.82 (22.07)

22.66 (22.98)

19.36 (23.15)

0.934

 PNI

49.99 ± 5.14

49.75 ± 4.77

50.04 ± 4.25

0.940

Traditional scoring model

 Child–Pugh grade

   

0.608

  A

260 (83.33%)

85 (91.40%)

50 (80.60%)

 

  B

52 (16.67%)

8 (8.60%)

12 (19.40%)

 

 MELD

2.47 (3.42)

2.33 (3.48)

2.34 (3.96)

0.952

 APRI

0.53 (0.50)

0.49 (0.45)

0.50 (0.53)

0.729

 FIB-4

2.12 (1.68)

2.01 (1.34)

1.87 (1.81)

0.495

Tumor markers

 AFP, ng/mL,

   ≥ 400

101 (32.37%)

32 (34.41%)

15 (24.19%)

0.204

  < 400

211 (67.63%)

61 (65.59%)

47 (75.81%)

 

 CEA, ng/mL

2.42 (2.09)

2.39 (2.62)

2.64 (2.23)

0.381

 AFU, U/mL

30.60 (17.30)

31.10 (18.90)

30.69 (16.60)

0.854

Postoperative pathology

 Tumor embolus

  Yes

30 (9.62%)

6 (6.45%)

9 (14.52%)

0.249

  No

282 (90.38%)

87 (93.55%)

53 (55.48%)

 

 MVI

  Yes

74 (23.72%)

21 (22.58%)

15 (24.19%)

0.936

  No

238 (76.28%)

72 (77.42%)

47 (75.81%)

 

Indocyanine green clearance test data

 ICG-R15

5.60 (4.90)

5.90 (5.35)

6.60 (5.40)

0.391

 EHBF, mL/min

1.01 (0.46)

1.02 (0.43)

0.99 (0.36)

0.500

 BV, mL

5.16 (1.78)

5.23 (2.28)

5.01 (1.24)

0.679

 ICG K, min-1

0.19 (0.06)

0.19 (0.07)

0.18 (0.06)

0.276

Operative data

 Hepatic portal occlusion time, s

30.00 (44.00)

28.00 (44.00)

29.00 (47.00)

0.764

 Operation time, s

200.00 (100.00)

186.00 (108.00)

211.50 (120.00)

0.522

 Operation method

  Open

252 (80.77%)

76 (81.72%)

52 (83.87%)

0.567

  Laparoscopic

60 (19.23%)

17 (18.28%)

10 (16.13%)

 

 Intraoperative blood transfusion

  Yes

137 (43.91%)

43 (46.24%)

33 (53.23%)

0.856

  No

175 (56.09%)

50 (53.76%)

29 (46.77%)

 

 Intraoperative bleeding, mL

  ≥ 400

72 (23.08%)

22 (23.66%)

16 (25.81%)

0.644

  < 400

240 (76.92%)

71 (76.34)

46 (174.19%)

 

 Extent of hepatectomy

  Major

96 (30.77%)

32 (34.41%)

26 (41.94%)

0.630

  Minor

216 (69.23%)

61 (65.59%)

36 (58.06%)

 
  1. Data are presented as n (%), mean ± (standard deviation, SD); or median (interquartile range, IQR). Variables with normal distribution are presented as mean ± (SD); Variables without normal distribution are presented as median (IQR). In this study, the training cohort and the prospective cohort were compared to obtain P values. CSPH, clinically significant portal hypertension; GGT, γ glutamyl transpeptidase; PLT, platelet; FIB, fibrinogen; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; CREA, creatinine; PA, prealbumin.
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