Fig. 1

Differential expression analysis in EXO, MV and PBMCs of sALS patients and Healthy Controls. (A) Heatmap for top abundant miRNAs and (B) Principal component analysis (PCA) for expressed miRNAs in all tissues. The heatmap shows a clear clustering based on tissue type and differences between ALS patients and controls. The PCA plot further emphasizes these distinctions with PBMC samples forming a separate cluster along PC1, while EXO and MV show partial overlap. Notably, ALS samples shift within their respective clusters, particularly along PC2, indicating disease-specific miRNA regulation.