Table 2 Change in PHQ-9, GAD-7, and AUDIT scores following the COVID-19 pandemic.

From: New-onset mental disorders increase among patients with metabolic diseases after the COVID-19 pandemic

Scale

Univariable

Multivariable 1

Multivariable 2

Beta coefficient (95% CI)

P

Beta coefficient (95% CI)

P

Beta coefficient (95% CI)

P

PHQ-9

0.32 (0.29, 0.35)

 < .001

0.32 (0.29, 0.35)

 < .001

0.32 (0.29, 0.35)

 < .001

GAD-7

0.09 (0.06, 0.12)

 < .001

0.09 (0.06, 0.12)

 < .001

0.1 (0.06, 0.13)

 < .001

AUDIT

− 0.19 (− 0.25, − 0.14)

 < .001

− 0.21 (− 0.27, − 0.15)

 < .001

− 0.24 (− 0.3, − 0.18)

 < .001

  1. In participants who completed baseline and follow-up questionnaires for each scale, linear regression was conducted between baseline and follow-up to identify the change in PHQ-9, GAD-7, and AUDIT scores after the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants with baseline PHQ-9, GAD-7, or AUDIT score ≥ 10, respectively, were excluded from the analyses.
  2. Model 1 was adjusted for age and sex.
  3. Model 2 was additionally adjusted for body mass index, smoking status, alcohol consumption, prevalent hypertension, diabetes, hemoglobin, serum glucose, and creatinine-based eGFR at baseline.
  4. Unit of change in each score, score per time-interval between visits.
  5. 95% CI, 95% confidence interval; PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire-9; GAD-7, Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item; AUDIT, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test.
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